Unary language

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In computational complexity theory, a unary language or tally language is a formal language (a set of strings) where all strings have the form 1k, where "1" can be any fixed symbol. For example, the language {1, 111, 1111} is unary, as is the language {1k | k is prime}. The complexity class of all such languages is sometimes called TALLY.

The name "unary" comes from the fact that a unary language is the encoding of a set of natural numbers in the unary numeral system. Since the universe of strings over any finite alphabet is a countable set, every language can be mapped to a unique set A of natural numbers; thus, every language has a unary version {1k | k in A}. Conversely, every unary language has a more compact binary version, the set of binary encodings of natural numbers k such that 1k is in the language.

Since complexity is usually measured in terms of the length of the input string, the unary version of a language can be "easier" than the original language. For example, if a language can be recognized in O(2n) time, its unary version can be recognized in O(n) time, because n has become exponentially larger. More generally, if a language can be recognized in O(f(n)) time and O(g(n)) space, its unary version can be recognized in O(n + f(log n)) time and O(g(log n)) space (we require O(n) time just to read the input string). However, if a problem is undecidable, then its unary version is as well.

[edit] Relationships to other complexity classes

TALLY is contained in P/poly, with a single-bit advice string for each input length k specifying whether 1k is in the language or not. A unary language is necessarily a sparse language, since for each n it contains at most one value of length n and at most n values of length at most n, but not all sparse languages are unary; thus TALLY is contained in SPARSE. Piotr Berman showed in 1978 that if any unary language is NP-complete, then P = NP,[1] which Mahaney generalized to sparse languages.[2]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Piotr Berman. Relationship between density and deterministic complexity of NP-complete languages. In Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Automata, Languages and Programming, pp.63–71. Springer-Verlag. Lecture Notes in Computer Science #62. 1978.
  2. ^ S. R. Mahaney. Sparse complete sets for NP: Solution of a conjecture by Berman and Hartmanis. Journal of Computer and System Sciences 25:130-143. 1982.