Ultralight backpacking

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.
Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (May 2008)

Ultralight backpacking is a style of backpacking that emphasizes the use of the lightest-weight equipment available. Ultralight backpackers strive to reduce their base pack weight (the weight of a backpack plus the gear inside - excluding consumables such as food, water, and fuel) as much as possible. Although no technical standards exist, the terms light and ultralight commonly refer to base pack weights below twenty pounds (9 kg) and ten pounds (4.5 kg) respectively. "Traditional" backpacking often results in base pack weights above thirty pounds (13.6 kg), and sometimes up to sixty pounds (26.5 kg).

Extreme enthusiasts of ultralight backpacking sometimes attempt super-ultralight backpacking, a term coined by Ryan Jordan,^{[citation needed]} in which the base pack weight is below five pounds (2.3 kilograms).

1 History
2 Philosophy
3 Equipment
4 References
5 External links

[edit] History

Ultralight backpacking was popularized in the late 1990s by Ray Jardine, whose book Beyond Backpacking^[1] laid the foundations for many techniques that ultralight backpackers use today. Yet the concept of ultralight camping gear is certainly not new. The outdoors writer Horace Kephart, in his 1917 book Camping and Woodcraft, listed in detail several camping kits manufactured in England that weighed six to seven pounds, and included silk tent, rubber sleeping mat, down sleeping bag or quilt, alcohol stove and cooking equipment: it was Kephart's view that these kits were insufficiently durable. His own base pack weight for light trips was 18 pounds, including the 2 3/4 pounds of his preferred Duluth-style backpack.^{[citation needed]} Another early pioneer was Emma "Grandma" Gatewood, who thru-hiked the Appalachian Trail in the 1960s with only a duffel bag containing an army blanket, a plastic sheet, and other very simple gear much lighter than the heavy equipment common among backpackers in those days.^[2] In the early 2000s, Ryan Jordan of Bozeman, Montana founded Backpacking Light Magazine, where he and others research how ultralight gear performs under environmental stress.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Philosophy

By carrying lighter and more multi-purpose equipment, ultralight backpackers are frequently able to cover longer distances per day. This is particularly useful when thru-hiking a long-distance trail.

The first way to reduce weight is by leaving items that are unnecessary at home. This often includes camping luxuries such as coffee makers, electronic gadgets, multiple items of clothing, etc. This is the initial step taken by any backpacker seeking less weight on their back.

The next method is reducing item weight. This is where a significant portion of base pack weight can be lost. Materials such as ripstop nylon can make a much lighter pack than canvas material. Silnylon tarps are lighter than double-walled tents. Silnylon stuff sacks can also be used for waterproof bags that are far lighter than the relatively thicker vinyl bags. Many backpackers find that a 1-inch thick inflatable sleeping pad is just as comfortable as a 2-inch thick one that weighs more, or possibly even go with a closed-cell foam pad which is even lighter. There are many options, so reducing item weight has innumerable choices.

The final method is to utilize more multi-purpose gear. For instance, a specialty made poncho rain coat can also serve as a tent, or a down jacket can be used with a lighter sleeping bag for the same effectiveness.

[edit] Equipment

[edit] The "Three Heavies" or "Big 3"

The shelter, sleeping bag and backpack are considered the major items that any backpacker should carry, and often account for the heaviest weights.[1]

Examples of reducing weight: Tents are relatively heavy due to 2 layers of fabric, metal poles, stakes, and a ground cloth. Ultralight shelters include silicone-impregnated tarps, single layer tarp-tent hybrids, hammocks, and poncho-tarps, and weigh pounds less than a standard tent.^[3]

Some ultralight backpackers save weight by using sleeping bags filled with down, which are lighter by volume, yet are susceptible to loft loss from moisture^[3]. A minority carry quilts in place of sleeping bags; with adequate insulation from a sleeping pad underneath, a quilt can weigh half as much as an equivalent sleeping bag. Ultralighters also tend to carry bags rated for warmer temperatures than traditional-weight backpackers, and make up the difference on cold nights by wearing more clothing.^{[citation needed]}

With a lighter shelter and sleeping bag, the backpack can consist of lighter material and a less bulky frame. The common ultralight alternative to an internal frame pack is a frameless pack made of ripstop nylon or silnylon, with a weight limit of twenty or twenty-five pounds (10 kg). An internal-frame pack can weigh upwards of six pounds (2.7 kg); ultralight frameless packs are commercially available in weights ranging from eight to fourteen ounces (200-400 g).^[3]

Some backpackers make their own gear. Possible advantages include individually customizing the items, as well as potential cost savings. An added advantage is that if a homemade item were to break down, the hiker would be in a better position to repair it. Materials used to make commercially available gear are normally not as lightweight as they could be, in order to minimize returns. Homemade lightweight gear can last as long as needed if cared for properly.

Examples of reducing weight:

Weight Class:	Traditional	Lightweight	Ultralight	Super-Ultralight
Shelter	Double-wall tent (~ 5+ lb., 2+ kg)	Single-wall tent (~ 3 lb., 1.5 kg)	Tarptent/tarp (1-2 lb., 0.5-1 kg)	Tarp (< 1 lb., 0.5 kg)
Sleeping system	Synthetic-fill sleeping bag (~ 5+ lb., 2+ kg)	Down-fill sleeping bag (2-3 lb., 1-1.5 kg)	Down quilt (1-2 lb., 0.5-1 kg)	Down quilt (1 lb., 0.5 kg)
Backpack	Internal frame 60+ liters (~ 5-8 lb., 2-3.5 kg)	Internal frame 40 liters (~ 3 lb., 1.5 kg)	Frameless (~ 1 lb., 0.5 kg)	Frameless <30 liters (< 0.5 lb., 0.2 kg)
Sleeping pad	Inflatable 2in. (50 mm) thick (2-3 lb., 1-1.5 kg)	Inflatable 1in. (25 mm) thick, 2/3 length (~ 1 lb., 0.5 kg)	Closed-cell foam 3/4in. (20 mm) thick, torso length (0.5 lb., 0.2 kg)	Closed-cell foam 3/8in. (10 mm) thick, torso length (0.2 lb., 0.1 kg)
Total weight of these:	17-21 lb., 7-10 kg	9-10 lb., 4.5-5 kg	3.5-5.5 lb., 1.7-2.7 kg	2.2 lb., 1.1 kg

[edit] Other Gear

The remaining gear (see ten essentials for some of the other items) carried by an ultralight backpacker follows a similar philosophy. Very light weight alcohol or solid fuel stoves, such as a beverage can stove, can be substituted for heavier gas stoves, and a single titanium pot with just a titanium spoon or spork can be carried instead of a mess kit and utensils. Since an ultralight backpacker carries much less weight, hiking boots are excessive and can be substituted with Trail running running shoes for equal support. An ultralighter's first-aid kit and repair kit tend to be stored in plastic or silnylon bags instead of the conventional packaging that a conventional backpacker might carry. A quarter-ounce (10 g) LED light can substitute for a heavy flashlight or headlamp. Even a toothbrush can be adapted for the ultralight philosophy -- an infant's toothbrush with holes drilled through the handle will clean teeth as effectively as a full-sized one weighing an ounce or two more.

[edit] Food and Water

Water weighs one kilogram per liter, and an average hiker require about two pounds (900 grams) of consumables per day.^{[citation needed]} While the weight per unit of food and water remains constant, ultralight backpackers can save weight by carrying less of it, and resupplying more frequently. When traveling through an area with many springs and streams, an ultralighter can carry as little as a single liter of water. Or none at all, provided the hiker is confident on how far away the next reliable water source is. On long-distance trails with multiple access points, ultralighters can choose to place food caches or stop at stores to resupply with food at more frequent intervals, allowing just two or three days' worth of food to be carried in place of a larger load. Food can be chosen to reflect the highest ratio of calories and protein per weight; Peanut Butter scores very well by this measure. Many foods do not require traditional cooking and the associated weight and hassle of a stove and fuel. Ramen noodles or refried beans can be put in a zip lock bag, hydrated with water, and an hour or so later will be fully hydrated, albeit cold, and ready to eat.