Ultrafine particles

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are nanoscale, less than 100 nanometres. Clusters of UFPs can be seen with the naked eye. But, electron microscopy and special physical lab conditions allow scientists to observe UFP morphology. UFPs are both manufactured and naturally occurring (hot volcanic lava, smoke, ocean spray). Some UFPs have characteristics similar to gas or liquid and are useful in powders or lubricants. Others are byproducts, rather than intentionally fabricated nanostructures, as are fine particles.^[1] Some airborn UFPs (emissions) from printer toner, combustion engines and automobile traffic are considered pollutants and have begun to be studied as such^{[2] [3]}., along with larger particulate matter. Intentionally manufactured UFPs have many applications, from medical and nanotech research to consumer products.

Contents 1 Regulation and legislation 2 History 3 Properties 4 Scale classification 5 Sources 6 Composition 7 Morphology 8 Fabrication 9 Applications 10 Health effects 11 Safety issues 12 See Also 13 References

[edit] Regulation and legislation

As the nanotechnology industry has grown, nanoparticles have brought UFPs more public and regulatory attention. UFP risk assessment research is still in the very early stages. And debate^[4][5] increases about whether to regulate UFPs and how to research and manage the health risks they may pose.^[6][7][8][9]As of March 19, 2008, the EPA does not yet regulate or research ultrafine particles,^[10] but has drafted a Nanomaterial Research Strategy, open for independent, external peer review beginning February 7, 2008 (Panel review on April 11, 2008).^[11] There is also debate about how the European Union (EU) should regulate UFPs.^[12]

[edit] History

[edit] Properties

[edit] Scale classification

[edit] Sources

[edit] Composition

[edit] Morphology

[edit] Fabrication

[edit] Applications

[edit] Health effects

[edit] Safety issues

[edit] See Also

Nanostructures

[edit] References