Ulmus 'Sapporo Autumn Gold'
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| Ulmus hybrid |
|---|
 'Sapporo Autumn Gold', aged 30 years, Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, UK. |
| Hybrid parentage |
| U. pumila × U. davidiana var. japonica |
| Cultivar |
| 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' |
| Origin |
| seeds: Sapporo, Japan; cultivated: USA |
The hybrid elm cultivar 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' was once one of the most successful elms marketed, widely planted across North America and western Europe, although now it has largely been supplanted by more recent introductions [1]. Arising from a chance crossing in 1958 of the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila and the Japanese Elm Ulmus davidiana var. japonica in the Botanical Garden of Hokkaido University, Sapporo, it was cultivated at the University of Wisconsin-Madison by the late Dr Eugene Smalley and patented in 1975 [2] [3].
The tree forms a densely foliated vase-shaped crown, although immature plants produce vigorous side shoots that require assiduous pruning to develop the desired shape. As its name implies, its dark green leaves turn pale yellow in autumn, resembling those of the female parent, U. pumila, being comparatively small and narrow; flowering and fruiting occur in spring.
In favourable conditions, notably a moist, well-drained soil, the tree can grow at a rate of almost one metre per annum, but trials by the Northern Arizona University [1] found that it is not very tolerant of a hot, arid environment although its leaves sustain comparatively little scorch damage.
'Sapporo Autumn Gold' possesses a high resistance to Dutch elm disease although it is not immune, and tolerance of Verticillium wilt, but is very susceptible to attack by elm leaf beetles [4] [5]. It remains popular in Europe, however, dissimilar to native European elms, it does not assimilate well in the countryside. In trials in France by Cemagref at Nogent sur Vernisson, Loiret, it was found to grow too vigorously in hedgerow conditions, eclipsing neighbouring shrubs and consequently creating gaps. Nevertheless, it has been found to make an acceptable host for the endangered White-letter Hairstreak butterfly Satyrium w-album, whose larvae feed exclusively on elm [6].
The hybrid was included in trials [2] in Canberra, Australia started in 1988, but has not performed well there.
Contents |
[edit] Arboreta etc accessions
[edit] North America
- Bartlett Tree Experts acc. nos. 88-1153, 88-1154
- Holden Arboretum acc. no. 91-79
[edit] Europe
- Arboretum de La Petite Loiterie [3], Monthodon, France. No details available
- Brighton & Hove City Council, UK, NCCPG Elm Collection [4] Examples in Blaker's Park, Stanmer Park, Preston Park and Woodvale cemetery.
- Bexhill-on-Sea, East Sussex. UK - Many street trees planted in the late 1980's.
- Pitney-Bowes PLC, Harlow, Essex. UK. Site of the Earliest plantings of the type in the UK.
- Cambridge Botanic Garden [5], University of Cambridge, UK, no accession details available.
- National Botanic Gardens [6], Glasnevin, Dublin, Eire, location A3 (158)
- Royal Horticultural Society Gardens Wisley, UK, no details available
- Royal Botanic Garden Wakehurst Place, UK, acc. no. 1987-4028
- Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, UK, acc. no. 1981.1753
- Thenford House Arboretum, Thenford, UK, no details available
- Westonbirt Arboretum [7],Tetbury, Glos., UK, planted 1981, acc. no. 1980/159.
[edit] Australasia
- Waite Arboretum [8], University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia, acc. nos. 572, 598
[edit] Nurseries
[edit] North America
[edit] Europe
- Buckingham Nurseries [10], Buckingham, UK
- Conrad Appel, Darmstadt, Germany
- Duchy of Cornwall Nursery [11], Lostwithiel, Cornwall, UK
- Jardineria Sils [12], Sils, Girona, Spain.
- Johan Van Herreweghe [13], Schellebelle, Belgium
- Standard Trees, Golden Cross, East Sussex, UK [14]
[edit] Synonymy
- Shapiro Autumn Gold: Whitcomb, C. E. Know it and grow it, p. 171, 1976, missprint for 'Sapporo'.
[edit] References
- ^ Santamour, J., Frank, S. & Bentz, S. (1995). Updated checklist of elm (Ulmus) cultivars for use in North America. Journal of Arboriculture, 21: 3 (May 1995), 121-131. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA.
- ^ Smalley, E. B. & Lester, D. T. (1973). HortScience 8: 514-515, 1973.
- ^ Smalley, E. B. & Guries, R. P. (1993). Breeding Elms for Resistance to Dutch Elm Disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology Vol. 31 : 325-354. Palo Alto, California.
- ^ Pinon, J. (2007). Les ormes résistants à la graphiose. Forêt-entreprise, No. 175 - Juillet 2007, p 37-41, France.
- ^ Burdekin, D. A. & Rushforth, K. D. (Revised by Webber J. F. 1996). Elms resistant to Dutch elm disease. Arboricultural Research Note 2/96. Arboricultural Advisory and Information Service, Alice Holt, Farnham, UK.
- ^ Brookes, A. H. (2006). An evaluation of disease-resistant hybrid and exotic elms as larval host plants for the White-letter Hairstreak butterfly Satyrium w-album. Part 1. Butterfly Conservation, Lulworth, UK.
