Ukrainian architecture
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Ukrainian architecture is a term that describes the motives and styles that are found in structures built in modern Ukraine, and by Ukrainians worldwide. These include initial roots which were established in the Eastern Slavic state of Kievan Rus'. After the 12th century, the distinct architectural history continued in the principalities of Galicia-Volhynia. During the epoch of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, a new style, unique to Ukraine was developed from the western influences of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the union with the Tsardom of Russia, architecture in Ukraine began to develop in different directions, with many structures in the larger eastern, Russian ruled area built in the styles of Russian architecture of that period, whilst the western Galicia was developed under Austro-Hungarian architectural influences. In both cases producing fine examples. Ukrainian national motives would finally be used during the period of the Soviet Union and in modern independent Ukraine.
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[edit] Medieval Rus' (988–1230)
The medieval state of Kievan Rus' was the predecessor of modern states of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine and their respective cultures, including architecture.
The great churches of the Rus', built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state which quickly established itself was strongly influenced by the Byzantine. Early Eastern Orthodox churches were mainly made of wood with the simplest form of church becoming known as a cell church. Major cathedrals often featured scores of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication of what the pagan Slavic temples should have looked like.
Several examples of this survive to this day, however in the course of the 16-18th centuries, many of these were externally rebuilt in the Ukrainian Baroque style (see below). Examples include the grand St. Sophia of Kiev - the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid, Church of the Saviour at Berestove - built from 1113-1125, and the St. Cyril's Church, circa 12th century. All can still be found in the Ukrainian capital.
Although certain buildings were reconstructed during the late-19th century, such as the Assumption Cathedral in Volodymyr-Volynskyi, built in 1160 and reconstructed in 1896-1900, the Paraskevi church in Chernihiv, built in 1201 with reconstruction done in the late 1940s, and the Golden gates in Kiev built in 1037 and reconstructed in 1982; the latter's reconstruction was dismissed by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy.
Secular architecture of Kievan Rus' has scarcely survived.
[edit] Cossack epoch
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[edit] Early Ukrainian Baroque
Ukrainian Baroque emerged during the Hetmanate era of the 17-18th centuries. Ukrainian Baroque architecture, representative of cossack aristocracy.[1], is distinct from Western European Baroque in that its designs were more constructivist, had more moderate ornamentation, and were simpler in form.[2]
During the 17-18th centuries, most medieval Rus' churches were significantly redesigned and expanded. Additional church domes and elaborate exteriour and interiour ornamentation were added.
Famous examples of Ukrainian Baroque architecture include the Kiev Pechersk Lavra complex, the Mariyinsky Palace, the Vydubychi Monastery, and the Pochayiv Monastery.
- Small Cossack churches
[edit] Late Ukrainian Baroque
- Sophia Cathedral reconstruction
- Kiev Passenger Railway Station
[edit] Imperial period
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[edit] Russian Empire
As Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the Russian Empire, this offered several large opportunities of Russian architects, to realise their projects in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered. Examples such as St Andrew's Church of Kiev (1747-1754) built by Bartolomeo Rastrelli was a great example of fine Baroque architecture, and its location on top of the Kievan mountain made it a recognisable monument of the city. An equally notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the Mariyinsky Palace which was built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress Elizabeth.
As Russia continued to win successive wars over the Ottoman Empire and its vassal Crimean Khanate, eventually it annexed the whole south of Ukraine and Crimea. The new lands called New Russia were to be colonised, and new cities such as the Nikolayev, Odessa, Kherson and Sevastopol were founded. These would contain some of the most perfect examples of Imperial Russian architecture.
[edit] Galicia
[edit] Early 20th century
[edit] Russia
- Ginzburg House
- House with Chimaeras
- Russo-Byzantium in Ukraine (St Volodymyr's Cathedral)
[edit] Galicia
[edit] Soviet Union
After the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War that Ukraine was caught in, most of the Ukrainian territory was incorporated into the new Communist Ukrainian SSR. For the first time, Ukrainians, as a nation became a recognised nationality, and as a result great efforts were undertaken to develop a separate Ukrainian architectural style.
[edit] Capital: Kharkiv (1917–1934)
During the early years of the Soviet rule, the Ukrainization policies, meant that many Ukrainian architects were encouraged to use national motives unique to Ukraine. At the same time, architecture became standardised, all cities received general development plans to which they would be built. The national motives were however not taken up as the new architectural fashion for the new government became Constructivism.
In Soviet Ukraine, for the first 15 years, the capital was the eastern city of Kharkiv. Immediately a major project was developed to "destroy" its burgious-capitalist face and create a new Socialist one. A talented young architect Viktor Trotsenko, proposed a large central square with large modern buildings to become the central hub of the capital. Thus the Dzerzhinsky Square (now Freedom Square) was born, which would become the most brilliant example of constructivist architecture in the USSR and abroad. Enclosing a total of 11.6 ha,[3] it is currently the third largest square in the world to date.
 Original project by Victor Trotsenko. |
 Gosprom building |
 House of Projects |
Of all, the most famous was the massive Gosprom building (1925-1928), which would become a symbol of not only Kharkiv, but Constructivism in general. Built by a architects Sergei Serafimov, S.Kravets and M.Felger, and only in three years it would become the highest structure in Europe, and its unique feature lies in the symmetry which can only be felt at one point, in the centre of the square. As a tribute to the engineering design by Kharkiv's Technical University, none of the attempts to blow the building during the Second World War were successful, and it still remains the symbol of Kharkiv today.
Other examples on the square however were less fortunate. Such was the fate of the House of Projects (presently the Kharkiv University), which again was designed by Serafimov, built to symmetrise the Gosprom on the square's curvature, it too was a monumental achievement of constructivism. However, during the war it was seriously damaged and was rebuilt in a semi-Stalinist style that left little of the original building intact.
such as the were badly damaged during the nazi occupation and after the war were rebuilt to a different style.[4]
[edit] Capital: Kiev (1934–1991)
In 1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved to Kiev. During the preceding years, the city was seen as only a regional centre, and hence received little attention. All of that was to change, but at a great price. By this point, the first examples of Stalinist architecture were already showing and in light of the official policy, a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that priceless examples such as the St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery were destroyed. Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat.
However the Second World War did not see the project realised. The surviving pre-war Kievan constructions include the Building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (presently occupied by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Built by architect, only the northern wing was completed, the identical and symmetrical southern wing to be built on the place of the destroyed monastery to house the Rada of Ministers was never completed.[5] The other example is the Verkhovna Rada building built in 1936-38 by architect Volodymyr Zabolotny.
Following the heavy destruction of the Second World War, a new project for the reconstruction of central Kiev was unveiled. This transformed the Khreshchatyk avenue into one of the finest examples of Stalinism in Architecture. A total of individual 22 projects were drawn up, when the initial competition began in 1944, none of which was realised due to extensive critique and finally in 1948 KyivProekt institute submitted its final version, headed by architects A.Vlasov and from 1949 Anatoly Dobrovolsky. For the next two decades, this figure would dominate all of the major projects in the capital.
 Rejected project |
 Another rejected project |
 Final project |
Despite an enthusiastic start which saw most of the buildings such as the Post Office, City Council, the elegant white portico Conservatory, and the first buildings of the Kalinina Square, which were completed by 1955, the new politics of architecture once again promptly stopped the project from fully being realised. None of the examples however share the fate of Hotel Ukrayina that was to top the square as an elegant high-rise built similar to the Moscow's Seven Sisters buildings, was stripped of all decorative features and completed in what could only be described as an ugly style.
[edit] Other examples in Soviet Ukraine
- Reconstruction of Kharkiv
- Capital move to Kiev
- DnieproGES
[edit] Stalinist period
- Reconstruction of central Kiev
[edit] Post-Stalinist period
- Urban General plans
- Kiev Palace of Sports, Palace "Ukrayina"
[edit] Modern Ukraine
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The language of modern architecture becomes more global and pluralistic in its artistic direction. At the same time, a significant role play new creative quests of progressive leanings, principles and approaches to solve the composition of the architectural form and style.
In the works of the Kiev school of Ukrainian architects, postmodernism and high-tech tendencies can be increasingly found. This is a refection of the globalization's reach across the world of architecture.
The task for modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics, the search for an architect's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico-cultural environment.
Good examples of modern Ukrainian architecture include the reconstruction and renewal of the Maidan Nezalezhnosti in central Kiev, despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers were able to blend together the uneven landscape and also use undergound space to set a new shopping centre.
The major project that will take up most of the 21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the Rybalskyi Peninsula, which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid the picturesque landscape of the Dnieper.[6]
[edit] Specific examples
[edit] Carpathian wooden churches
[edit] Crimean Tatar architecture
When Crimea was ruled by the Crimean Khanate the period left several constructions inspired by Islamic motives. The most famous was the Bakhchisaray Palace designed by a combined effort of Persian, Turkish and Italian architects.
[edit] Metro
During the Soviet Period, Metro stations were decorated with particularly vivid designs. The first three stations that were built by Ukrainian architects, were not actually located in Ukraine. Nonetheless, all three of them are considered to be the most iconic constructions ever achieved in history of underground construction. They are all known under one name Kievskaya, and are located on the Moscow Metro under the Kiyevsky Rail Terminal.
 Kievskaya (Filyovskaya) (opened in 1937) |
 Kievskaya (Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya), (1953) |
 Kievskaya-Koltsevaya (1954) |
In 1949 construction began on the first stage of the Kiev Metro, which opened in 1960. All of the stations there are considered as monuments of architecture, due to their unique authentic character, that latter stations of the 1960s would lose in face of changing policy towards utilitarianism.
In 1967 construction began on the first stage of the Kharkiv Metro, which opend in 1975, this was soon joined by the semi-Metro Kryvyi Rih Metrotram in 1986 and the Dnipropetrovsk Metro in 1995. Stations built in these systems, like most others in the fomer Soviet Union, have.
[edit] Seven wonders of Ukraine
In 2007 by August 24 were announced the seven wonders of Ukraine. The initiator of this project is the people's representative to Supreme Council Mykola Tomenko. The main goal of this enterprise is to direct the attention of the mass-media and the citizens of the country to the most popular historical and cultural memorials of Ukraine.
The seven wonders of Ukraine is a logical extention of the set of projects under the motto: Disover Ukraine! that have taken place with purpose to help discover Ukraine with its irreplaceable scenic sightings, an interesting history, and rich recreational opportunities.
In 2008 another project has taken place under the name Seven natural wonders of Ukraine. It's a second stage of the main project Seven wonders of Ukraine which was primarily aimed at historico-cultural and architectural sightings of the country. The second stage will identify the main goelogical objects such as rocks, mountain ridges, caves, lakes, rivers, natural woodlands.
This project as its predecessor has also three stages. First after each Oblast introduces its nominees, a 100 of those will move to the next stage. In the next three months 21 winners of those hundred will be chosen for the final stage. And by the Independance Day, August 24, the final Seven will be introduced to the public. The project is organized by the following institutions: the National Touristic Service of Ukraine, the Congressional Committee of youth policies, sport, and tourism, the Natioanl radio company of Ukraine, the ICTV telecompany, magazine "Mandry", and many many others.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Culture of Ukraine - History and ethnic relations, Urbanism, architecture, and the use of space
- ^ Baroque
- ^ (Russian) "Our Kharkiv" unofficial website
- ^ Архитектура Харькова
- ^ Hewryk, Titus D. (1982). The Lost Architecture of Kiev. New York: The Ukrainian Museum, 15. ASIN: B0006E9KPQ. (Out of print)
- ^ Project of reconstruction of the Rybalskyi Peninsula (Russian). archunion.com.ua (December 5, 2005).
[edit] External links
- Sichynskyi's "Ukrainian Architecture" (Ukrainian)
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs "Ukrainian Architecture (Ukrainian)
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