Ujazdów Castle

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The castle, seen from the Royal Canal at its foot...

... and vice versa.

Obverse of boratynka coin minted at Ujazdów Castle, featuring profile of King Jan II Kazimierz.

Ujazdów Castle (Polish: Zamek Ujazdowski) is a castle in Warsaw's historic Ujazdów district, between Ujazdów Park (Park Ujazdowski) and Łazienki Park, in Warsaw, Poland.

1 History
2 See also
3 References
4 External links

[edit] History

The first castle was erected on the spot by the Dukes of Masovia as early as in 13th century. However, the following century their court was moved to the future Royal Castle in Warsaw and the Ujazdowski castle was neglected. In 15th century a wooden manor was built there for Bona Sforza, a queen of Poland. The ruins of the castle of the Mazovian princes were then incorporated into a new fortified manor built by King Sigismund III Vasa for his son, future King Vladislaus IV of Poland. However, there is little proof that the residence was ever used by the young prince who spent much of his youth either at his father's court or in Moscow. Between 1659 and 1665 the building housed the mint of Tytus Liwiusz Boratini, who struck his famous boratynka, a type of solidus.

Again neglected, in 1674 the castle was bought by Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski and then rented to King Augustus II of Poland, who ordered the construction of a new royal residence there. The castle, incorporating much of the earlier constructions on the site, was built by Tylman z Gameren, a notable 17th century architect and engineer. The gardens surrounding the castle, later divided onto two separate parks, were refurbished. About that time the Łazienki's Eremity and Łazienki Palace were built. The main axis of the castle's eastern façade was also underlined by the construction of a decorative royal canal built under the Vistula river embankment, on which the castle stood.

The design of the castle was further modified by King Stanisław August Poniatowski, who in 1764 ordered its refurbishment to Jakub Fontana, Dominik Merlini, Jean-Baptiste Pillement and Efraim Schroeger. The eastern and western façades were made taller by addition of a second floor, while the post-Gamerenian outbuildings were also rebuilt to the height of the main building, thus creating a large courtyard. About that time the castle was also included in the so-called Stanislavian Axis, a line of parks and palaces planned in the southern outskirts of Warsaw much like the Saxon Axis in the city center. The reconstruction of the palace was almost complete by 1784, when the works were abandoned and the building donated to the Polish Army.

Because of that, between 1784 and 1789 the castle was yet again rebuilt, this time by Stanisław Zawadzki, who converted it to military barracks. The outbuildings were enlarged significantly. Since that time the building housed the Lithuanian Foot Guard Regiment and the 10th Foot Regiment. During the Kościuszko's Uprising the castle was the main centre of conscription for the 20th Foot Regiment. After the Partitions of Poland, during the Prussian occupation of Warsaw, the building was abandoned. After the proclamation of the Duchy of Warsaw it was again restored to the army and was converted into a military hospital. However, the plans of converting it to the Central Military Hospital of the Polish Army were postponed by the Congress of Vienna which awarded the Congress Poland to Russia. On April 1, 1818 the hospital was officially opened. It had place for up to 1000 wounded soldiers. After the outbreak of the November Uprising the hospital was enlarged to 1250 beds and an additional annex with place for 600 was opened in the nearby Łazienki complex.

After the fall of the uprising, the Russian garrison of Warsaw was significantly strengthened, while the Polish military units were disbanded. A new central military hospital was built next to what became the Park Ujazdowski and the castle became more of a barrack for the Russian military personnel. Around 1850 the outbuildings were again rebuilt by Jerzy Karol Völck, but were partially demolished 20 years afterwards. After the outbreak of World War I the building was again converted to a provisional hospital by the Russians. Captured by the German army in 1915, on April 10, 1917 it was transferred to the Polish Legions and became the main military hospital for Polish units fighting alongside the Central Powers (the more modern Ujazdów hospital located nearby remained a German-only hospital).

After Poland regained her independence in 1918, the internal design of the castle was yet again modified. Since 1920's it housed several parts of the Warsaw NCO school. The main staircase was restored to its 18th century representative design. An interesting feature of the staircase was a set of stone tablets placed there May 15, 1927, commemorating the names of all known Polish military medics who perished in wars between 1797 and 1920. Additional tablets commemorated Karol Kaczkowski, Zdzisław Lubaszewski and a sculpture by Edward Wittig commemorating all military medics. After the Polish Defensive War of 1939, the Red Cross organized a school for WIA soldiers. The castle was burnt out and damaged by the Germans following the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

After the war the building was to be rebuilt as the Central Military House. However, the works did not start as the walls of the castle were demolished by the Communist authorities of Poland. In 1975 however, the works on reconstruction of the castle to its 18th century design were given a green light and the project by Piotr Biegański was chosen. It houses Warsaw's Center for Contemporary Art since 1981.