Udmurt language
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| Udmurt Удмурт кыл Udmurt kyl |
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|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Russia, Kazakhstan | |
| Region: | Eastern Europe | |
| Total speakers: | 550,000 (1989 census) | |
| Language family: | Uralic Finno-Ugric Finno-Permic Permic Udmurt |
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| Official status | ||
| Official language in: | Udmurtia | |
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | fiu | |
| ISO 639-3: | udm | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Udmurt (удмурт кыл, udmurt kyl) is a Finno-Ugric language spoken by the Udmurts, natives of the Russian constituent republic of Udmurtia, where it is co-official with the Russian language. It is closely related to the Komi language, together with which it forms the group of Permic languages. It is written in the Cyrillic script with five additional characters. Linguistically, it is most closely related to Komi and Komi-Permyak.
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[edit] Alphabet
The Udmurt alphabet is based on the Cyrillic alphabet:
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | Ӝ ӝ | З з |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| а | бэ | вэ | гэ | дэ | е | ё | жэ | ӝэ | зэ |
| /a/ | /b/ | /v/ | /g/ | /d, d̡/ | /e, ʲe, je/ | /ʲo, jo/ | /ʒ/ | /dʒ/ | /z/ |
| Ӟ ӟ | И и | Ӥ ӥ | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | Ö ö |
| ӟэ | и | и с точками | и краткое | ка | эль | эм | эн | о | ö |
| /ʥ/ | /ʲi, i/ | /i/ | /j, -ĭ/ | /k/ | /l, ʎ/ | /m/ | /n, ɲ/ | /o/ | /ʌ/ |
| П п | Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | |
| пэ | эр | эс | тэ | у | эф | ха | цэ | че | |
| /p/ | /r/ | /s, s̡/ | /t, t̡/ | /u/ | /f/ | /x/ | /ts/ | /ʨ/ | |
| Ӵ ӵ | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | |
| ӵэ | ша | ща | твёрдый знак | ы | мягкий знак | э | ю | я | |
| /ʧ/ | /ʃ/ | /ʆƫʆ/ | /(j)/ | /ɨ, ə~ɯ/ | /ʲ/ | /e/ | /ʲu, ju/ | /ʲa, ja/ |
Four of these characters (Ӝ/ӝ, Ӟ/ӟ, Ӥ/ӥ, Ӵ/ӵ) are unique to the Udmurt alphabet.
[edit] Grammar
Udmurt is an agglutinating language. It uses affixes to explain possession, to specify the mode, the time, and so on.
There is no grammatical gender. The language does not distinguish between long and short vowels, and does not have vowel harmony.
[edit] Nouns
Specific noun types have no distinguishable formats; some words even belong to three categories: čilkit means clean, cleanness and clearly as well. There are 15 cases in the language. In the singular first, second, and third person, the ordinary possessive declining suffixes, -e, -ed, -ez sometimes change to -i, -id, -iz, especially in non-loanwords, such as kii (ki + i, my hand), kiid (ki + id, your (sing.) hand) and ki'iz (ki + iz, her/his hand).
The possessive suffix in the singular third person also acts as a definite article: Udmurt kil-iz č´eber. (the Udmurt language is nice - literally the Udmurt's language is nice.) An affirmative plural adjective gets the -eś suffix: toljos kuźeś (the winters are cold).
[edit] Verbs
In Udmurt, there are three modes. In indicative, there are four tenses: present, future, præteritum (the speaker personally observed the past event) and perfectum (the speaker not observed personally the past event). The last two have distinguishable suffixes: -i-/-a- and -em/-m.
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Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. |
[edit] Syntax
The language has free word order.
The copular verb (vań, - to be) is omitted if the sentence is in the present tense: tunne kiče nunal? (What day is it today?) If the sentence expresses possession, the vań can be part of the predicate: ti palan ńulesjos vań-a? (At you (plur.), are there forests?)
[edit] Lexicon
Based on the style, about 10 to 30 percent of the Udmurt lexicon are loanwords. Many loanwords are from the Tatar language, as well as phonetics, the syntax and so on. Words related to technology, science and politics have been borrowed from Russian.
[edit] External links
- Udmurt Language (in Russian)
- Literature
- Udmurtology: Udmurt Language, History and Culture (in Russian)
- The First Udmurt Forum (in Russian)
- Udmurt State University (has Udmurt Language Program for English speakers)
- Udmurt language, alphabet and pronunciation
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