U.S. Import and Export Price Indices
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The U.S. Import and Export Price Indices measure average changes in prices of goods and services that are imported or exported. The indices is produced monthly by the International Price Program (IPP) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Import and Export Price Indices have been published monthly since 1989. Prior to this, the indices were produced on a quarterly basis beginning in 1974.
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[edit] History of the International Price Program
The origins of the International Price Program can be traced to a 1961 report on Federal Price Statistics prepared by the National Bureau of Economic Research. The report for Congress' Joint Economic Committee suggested that indexes be assigned to a federal statistical agency "to obtain the attention and resources for these indexes that we believe are essential."[1] A further study undertaken for NBER by Professors Irving Kravis and Robert Lipsey gave more impetus to the project. In their study, "Price Competitiveness in World Trade," Kravis and Lipsey outlined the need for such measures and the feasibility of producing them. [2] During this time, the Bureau's Division of Price and Index Number Research, largely because of its expertise in the development of other price measures, had also begun research on the feasibility of producing import and export price indexes. The International Price Program was a natural result of this research and was established in 1971.
The IPP produced its first annual international price indexes in 1973. Largely as a response to changing international economic conditions and the need on the part of both the Federal Government and the private sector to obtain these data on a more timely basis, collection and publication of international price indexes were begun on a quarterly basis in 1974. The IPP increased the commodity area coverage and detail of its indexes as more samples were initiated.
Once full coverage in the import and export goods categories was available, the Office of Management and Budget in 1982 placed the IPP indexes on its list of Principal Federal Economic Indicators together with the Consumer Price Index and Producer Price Index. The IPP continued to expand by introducing selected services indexes. Various transportation services indexes were added to the IPP in the late 1980s. Research is continuing on other international services as data and resources become available.[3]
[edit] Scope of the Export and Import Price Indices
The target universe of the import and export price indices consist of all goods and services sold by U.S. residents to foreign buyers (exports)and purchased from abroad by U.S. residents (imports). Items for which it is difficult to obtain consistent with time series core comparable products, however, such as works of art, are excluded. Products that may be purchased on the open market for military use are included, but goods exclusively for military use are excluded. Currently, only selected services for transportation areas are included.
The import merchandise sampling frames are obtained from the U.S. Customs Service. The export merchandise sampling frames are obtained from the Canadian Customs Service for exports to Canada and from the Bureau of the Census for exports to the rest of the world. Data sources for services are researched and developed separately for each category. For example, the Department of Transportation provides the sampling frames for the air freight price indexes. The reference period for a sampling frame is generally the most recent available 12 months.[4]
[edit] Data source
Respondent participation has been conducted on a voluntary basis from its inception. The cooperation of survey respondents in providing data is absolutely essential if the Bureau is to succeed in performing its responsibilities as mandated by Congress. The Bureau, accordingly, is deeply committed to preserving the confidentiality of all data submitted. The data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics is strictly confidential. The Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2002 (Title 5 of Public Law 107-347) protects the confidentiality of the data provided by the respondents.
[edit] Calculating index changes
Movements of price indexes from one month to another usually should be expressed as percent changes, rather than as changes in index points, because the latter are affected by the level of the index in relation to its base period, while the former are not. Each index measures price changes from a reference period defined to equal 100.0.
An increase of 20 percent from the base period in the Export Price Index, for example, is shown as 120.0, which can be expressed in dollars as follows: “Prices received by domestic producers of a systematic sample of finished goods have risen from $100 in 1982 to $120 today.” Likewise, a current index of 133.3 would indicate that prices received by producers of export goods today are one-third higher than what they were in 1982.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ National Bureau of Economic Research, Price Statistics Review Committee. "Report on the Price Statistics of the Federal Government." New York. 1961.
- ^ Kravis, Irving G., and Robert Lipsey. Price Competitiveness in World Trade. National Bureau of Economic Research, New York. 1971.
- ^ BLS Handbook of Methods, Chapter 15 International Price Indexes, Background (found online at:http://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/homch15_a.htm)
- ^ BLS Handbook of Methods, Chapter 15 International Price Indexes, Background (found online at:http://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/homch15_a.htm)
