Types of Buddha
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Buddhahood. (Discuss) |
In the mainstream Buddhist tradition (the various Buddhist schools), two types of Buddha are generally recognized.
- Samyaksambuddha (Pāli: Sammāsambuddha), often simply referred to as Buddha)
- Pratyekabuddha (Pāli: Paccekabuddha),
These two types of Buddha both achieve Nirvana through their own efforts, without a teacher to point out the Dharma.
In addition, in the Theravadin commentarial tradition, the lesser-known term Savakabuddha is found referring to an enlightened disciple.
Contents |
[edit] Samyaksambuddha
Samyaksambuddhas (Pali: Sammasambuddha) gain Nirvana by their own efforts, and discover the Dhamma without having a teacher to point it out. They then lead others to enlightenment by teaching the Dhamma in a time or world where it has been forgotten or has not been taught before, because a Samyaksambuddha does not depend upon a tradition that stretches back to a previous Samyaksambuddha, but instead discovers the path anew. The historical Buddha, Gautama Buddha, is considered a Samyaksambuddha. See also the list of 28 sammasambuddhas, who were all sammasambuddhas.
Three variations can be distinguished in the way of achieving Samyaksambuddha-hood. With more wisdom (prajñādhika), with more effort (vīryādhika) or with more faith (śraddhādhika). Śākyamuni was a Prajñādhika (through more wisdom) Buddha. The next Buddha of this world, Maitreya (Pāli: Metteyya) will be a Vīryādhika (through more effort) Buddha.
[edit] Pratyekabuddha
Pratyekabuddhas (Pali: Pacceka Buddha) are similar to Samyaksambuddhas in that they attain Nirvāṇa without having a teacher. Unlike the Samyaksambuddha however, they do not teach the Dhamma that they have discovered. Thus, they also do not form a Saṅgha of disciples to carry on the teaching, since they do not teach in the first place.
In some works they are referred to as "silent Buddhas". Several comparatively new Buddhist scriptures (of later origin; after the Buddha's demise, like the Jātakas), show Pratyekabuddhas giving teachings. A Paccekabuddha can sometimes teach and admonish people, but these admonitions are only in reference to good and proper conduct (abhisamācārikasikkhā), not concerning Nirvana.
In some texts, they are described as 'one who understands the Dharma by his own efforts, but does not obtain omniscience nor mastery over the Fruits' (phalesu vasībhāvam).
[edit] Śrāvakabuddha
Śrāvaka (Skt.; Pali: sāvaka; means "hearer" or "follower") is a disciple of a Sammasambuddha. An enlightened disciple is generally called an arahant (Noble One) or ariya-sāvaka (Noble Disciple). (These terms have slightly varied meanings but can both be used to describe the enlightened disciple.) The Theravadin commentaries use the term sāvaka-buddha (Pali; Skt. śrāvakabuddha) to describe the enlightened disciple; thus, according to this tradition there are three types of Buddhas.[1] Enlightened disciples attain Nirvana as do the two aforementioned types of Buddhas. After attaining enlightenment, disciples may also lead others to enlightenment, but cannot teach the Dharma in a time or world where it has been forgotten or has not been taught before, because their enlightenment is dependent on a tradition that stretches back to a Samyaksambuddha.
A rarely used word, anubuddha, was a term used by the Buddha in the Khuddakapatha[2] for those who become buddhas after being given instruction.
[edit] Teaching and Studying
The types of Buddha do not correspond to a different Dharma or truth; the truth discovered by them is one and the same. The distinctions are based solely on issues concerning studying and teaching. If one has a teacher who points out the Dharma and one realises this Dharma for oneself also, one is an Arahant (Śrāvaka). If one discovers the Dharma without a teacher, and subsequently chooses to teach, one is a Sammasambuddha. If one discovers the Dharma without a teacher and chooses not to teach one is a Paccekabuddha.
Also in Theravada Buddhism one is warned against striving for the purpose of attaining some status, and it is further taught that the same Dharma (truth or teaching) both attract, guides and saves living beings. No distinction in truths or teachings is being made (as is sometimes common in Mahayana), although not everyone is taught in the same way (people have different characters and inclinations).
[edit] Notes
- ^ Udana Commentary, tr Peter Masefield, volume I, 1994, Pali Text Society, page 94).
- ^ Ratanasutta:56. Also see AN 4.1, entitled "Anubuddha Sutta" (Thanissaro, 1997).
[edit] Sources
- Simile and Parable, chapter 3 of the Lotus Sutra, translated by Burton Watson, 1994, Columbia University Press, online edition courtesy Soka Gakkai International
- The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravada, Jeffrey Samuels, Philosophy East and West, v47, n3, July 1997, pp399-415
- Pacceka Buddha in Dictionary of Pali Proper Names
- The Paccekabuddha: A Buddhist Ascetic. Ria Kloppenborg. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands: 1974.
- "Bodhisattva Ideal in Buddhism" by Ven. Dr. W. Rahula, from Gems of Buddhist Wisdom, Buddhist Missionary Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1996. (Retrieved 2007-05-27.)
