Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

[edit] Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment

Amendment XII in the National Archives

The amendment, which applied to elections beginning in 1804, did not change the composition of the Electoral College. Rather, it amended the process whereby the Electoral College, and if necessary the House of Representatives, chooses the President.

Under the Twelfth Amendment, electors must cast distinct votes for President and Vice President, instead of two votes for President. No Elector may cast votes for Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates who both inhabit the same state as that Elector (Habitation Clause). It is, however, possible for an Elector to cast his votes for one candidate from the same state.

The Twelfth Amendment explicitly precluded those constitutionally ineligible to be President from being Vice President.^[4] The question of how the constitutional eligibility provided by the Twelfth Amendment and the Twenty-second Amendment's term-limiting provisions apply to constitutional eligibility of persons having previously held the office of President, or acted as President, to the office of Vice President, having not been adjudicated by the U. S. Supreme Court nor specified by ratification of an additional constitutional amendment, remains constitutionally inexplicit/unclear.

A majority of electoral votes is still required for one to be elected President or Vice President. When nobody has a majority, the House of Representatives, voting by states and with the same quorum requirements as under Article II, chooses a President. The Twelfth Amendment allows the House to consider no more than three candidates, compared to five under the original formula.

The Senate, similarly, may choose the Vice President if no candidate has received a majority of electoral votes. Its choice is limited to those with the "two highest numbers" of electoral votes. If multiple individuals are tied for second place, the Senate may consider all of them, in addition to the individual with the greatest number of votes. The Twelfth Amendment introduced a quorum requirement of two-thirds for the conduct of balloting. Furthermore, the Twelfth Amendment provides that the votes of "a majority of the whole number" of Senators are required to arrive at a choice.

In order to prevent deadlocks from keeping the nation leaderless, the Twelfth Amendment provided that if the House could not choose a President before March 4 (at that time the first day of a Presidential term), the individual elected Vice President would act as President, "as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President." The Twelfth Amendment did not state for how long the Vice President would act as President, or if the House could still choose a President after March 4. Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment replaced that provision of the Twelfth Amendment by changing the date for the commencement of Presidential terms to January 20 and permitting the Congress to direct, through legislation, "who shall then act as President" if both Houses of the Congress are deadlocked. It also clarified that if there's no President-elect on January 20, whoever acts as President does so until a person is "qualified" to occupy the Presidency.

[edit] Elections 1804–present

Henry Clay, who was accused of making a "corrupt bargain" during the 1824 election

Every Presidential election since the election of 1804 has been conducted under the Twelfth Amendment. Only once since that time has the House of Representatives chosen the President. In 1824, Andrew Jackson received 99 electoral votes, John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) 84, William H. Crawford 41, and Henry Clay 37. All of the candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party (though there were significant political differences among them), and each had fallen short of the 131 votes necessary to win. In the less contested election for vice president, John C. Calhoun received 182 votes and was elected outright.

Since the House could only consider the top three candidates, Clay could not become President. Crawford's poor health following a stroke made his election by the House unlikely. Andrew Jackson fully expected that the House would vote for him, as he had won a plurality of the popular and electoral vote.^[5] Instead, the House elected Adams on the first ballot with 13 states, followed by Jackson with seven and Crawford with three. Clay had endorsed Adams for the Presidency; the endorsement carried additional weight because Clay was the Speaker of the House. When Adams later appointed Clay his Secretary of State, many — particularly Jackson and his supporters — accused the pair of making a "Corrupt Bargain." Others understood this to be a normal alliance in politics, as when presidential candidates name their running mates in order to strengthen their positions. Moreover, some historians have argued that Clay was closer ideologically to Adams than Jackson and that it was natural for Clay supporters to turn to Adams.

After the election of 1824, the Democratic-Republican Party split into the Democratic Party and what eventually became the Whig Party. In 1836, the Whigs nominated different candidates in different regions in the hopes of splintering the electoral vote and denying Martin Van Buren, the Democratic candidate, a majority in the Electoral College, thereby throwing the election into a Whig-controlled House. This strategy failed, however, with Van Buren winning majorities of both the popular and electoral vote, and there have been no further attempts by a major U.S. party to adopt the strategy of running regional candidates for national office since that time.

In a coincidence, 1836 was also the one election when no candidate for Vice President secured a majority in the electoral college as Democratic Vice Presidential nominee Richard Mentor Johnson did not receive the electoral votes of Democrat electors from Virginia because of his relationship with a former slave. As a result Johnson received 147 electoral votes, one vote short of a majority; to be followed by Francis P. Granger with 77, John Tyler with 47 and William Smith with 23. The election was thrown into the Senate, however, and Johnson won with 33 votes, followed by Granger with 17.

The Twelfth Amendment does not directly preclude the election of a President and Vice President from the same state, but it does make it slightly more difficult vis a vis the Habitation Clause. In modern elections, a running mate is often selected in order to appeal to a different set of voters. The issue arose during the 2000 presidential election contested by George W. Bush (alongside running-mate Dick Cheney) and Al Gore (alongside Joe Lieberman). It was alleged that Cheney and Bush were both inhabitants of Texas, and that the Texas electors therefore violated the Twelfth Amendment in casting their ballots for both. Bush's residency was unquestioned, as he was Governor of Texas at the time. Cheney and his wife had moved to Dallas five years earlier when he assumed the role of chief executive at Halliburton. Cheney grew up in Wyoming and had represented it in Congress. A few months before the election, he switched his voter registration and driver's license to Wyoming and put his home in Dallas up for sale. Three Texas voters challenged the election in a federal court in Dallas and then appealed the decision to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals where it was dismissed.^[6]

[edit] Proposal and ratification

Congress proposed the Twelfth Amendment on December 9, 1803.^[7] The following states ratified the amendment:

1. North Carolina (December 21, 1803)
2. Maryland (December 24, 1803)
3. Kentucky (December 27, 1803)
4. Ohio (December 30, 1803)
5. Pennsylvania (January 5, 1804)
6. Vermont (January 30, 1804)
7. Virginia (February 3, 1804)
8. New York (February 10, 1804)
9. New Jersey (February 22, 1804)
10. Rhode Island (March 12, 1804)
11. South Carolina (May 15, 1804)
12. Georgia (May 19, 1804)
13. New Hampshire (June 15, 1804)

Ratification was completed on June 15, 1804. The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following state:

1. Tennessee (July 27, 1804)

In addition, the following states rejected the amendment:

1. Delaware (January 18, 1804)
2. Massachusetts (February 3, 1804)
3. Connecticut (May 10, 1804)

[edit] References

• Constitution of the United States.
• Ellis, E. S. (1903). Thomas Jefferson: A Character Sketch.
• Office of the Federal Register. (2004). "U. S. Electoral College."

[edit] Notes

[edit] External links

• National Archives: Twelfth Amendment
• CRS Annotated Constitution: Twelfth Amendment