TV Typewriter

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The September 1973 issue of Radio-Electronics shows Don Lancaster's TV typewriter.
The September 1973 issue of Radio-Electronics shows Don Lancaster's TV typewriter.

The TV Typewriter was a video terminal that could display 2 pages of 16 lines of 32 upper case characters on a standard television. The Don Lancaster design appeared on the cover of Radio-Electronics magazine in September 1973.[1] The magazine included a 6 page description of the design but readers could send off for a 16 page package of construction details. Radio-Electronics sold thousands of copies for $2.00 each. The TV Typewriter is considered a milestone in the home computer revolution along with the Mark-8 and Altair 8800 computers.[2][3]

Contents

[edit] TVT I

Don Lancaster's prototype TV Typewriter
Don Lancaster's prototype TV Typewriter
Hobbyist built TV Typewriter
Hobbyist built TV Typewriter

Don Lancaster was an engineer at Goodyear Aerospace designing a high resolution video display for the military. Don was also a prolific author of hobbyist projects for Popular Electronics and Radio-Electronics magazines. The video project gave Don the inspiration for his most influential project, a low cost video terminal known as the TV Typewriter. The design used TTL digital logic and shift register memory. (Microprocessors and RAM were new and very expensive.) With professional terminals costing over $1000 this $120 kit looked like a bargain. Southwest Technical Products sold the set of bare circuit boards for $27 and the eight major integrated circuits for $49.50. The hobbyist had to acquire the rest of the components on their own.

In the November issue, the editors apologized for the delays in shipping the TV Typewriter booklets to the thousands of readers that ordered them. They also listed electronics parts sources for the difficult to find components. Don Lancaster also answered a series of reader questions and gave ideas for additional functions and uses for the TV Typewriter.[4] The December issue had a page of correction for the TV Typewriter booklet.[5] Both of the notices were included in later printings of the booklet.

The compact design and complex circuitry made the TV Typewriter a challenging project for hobbyist. But many finished the project and some even connected to their Intel 8008 based computers. The April 1975 issue of the Micro-8 newsletter has 6 pages of user modifications and interface designs to connect the TV Typewriter to Mark-8 or SCELBI computers.[6] The original TV Typewriter design did not include a serial interface, modem connection, or offline data storage on cassette tape. Don Lancaster wrote about these in the September 1975 issue of BYTE magazine and his TV Typewriter Cookbook. A serial interface board designed by Roger Smith was published in January 1975 issue of Radio Electronics.[7]

[edit] Keyboards

Don Lancaster's $40 Keyboard kit produced by SWTPC.
Don Lancaster's $40 Keyboard kit produced by SWTPC.

Today keyboards are readily available, inexpensive and have a standard interface. In 1973, new keyboards were only available to computer and terminal manufacturers. Surplus keyboards were available to hobbyist but they often produced codes other than ASCII, such as baudot or EBCDIC. The TV Typewriter project and kit did not include a keyboard. The unit on the September cover shows a keyboard project the Don Lancaster did in the February 1973 issue.[8] This project involved hand crafting 55 key-switches including fabricating the springs for each key-switch. Most hobbyists chose to use a surplus keyboard and modified it to produce ASCII codes. Don Lancaster's prototype TV Typewriter which is now on display at the Computer History Museum has a surplus keyboard with an ASCII encoder circuit that was published in the February 1974 issue of Radio-Electronics.[9] The plans for this encoder were also included in the TV Typewriter booklet

Popular Electronics (April 1974) featured as complete keyboard kit designed by Don Lancaster and available from Southwest Technical Products for $39.50.[10] The first version used simple RTL ICs to decode the key matrix. The design was soon improved to use a full featured keyboard encoder IC.

[edit] Radio-Electronics

Popular Electronics and Radio-Electronics were the largest hobbyist electronics magazines in the 1960's and 1970s. Each month the magazines had information of the latest technological developments and often provided detailed plans so the hobbyist could build equipment utilizing these developments.[11]

Both of these magazines could trace their origin to Radio Amateur News, a magazine started by Hugo Gernsback in 1919. Gernsback lost Radio News in a 1929 bankruptcy and immediately started Radio Craft to compete with his old magazine. By the 1950s, Radio Craft was named Radio-Electronics and Radio News was Electronics World. Radio News had also spawned a magazine dedicated to hobbyist, Popular Electronics. In January 1972, Ziff Davis Publishing decided to merge Electronics World into Popular Electronics. The editorial direction changes at Popular Electronics cause many of their authors to start writing for Radio-Electronics. This included Don Lancaster, Daniel Meyer, Forrest Mims, Ed Roberts, John Simonton and others. There was vigorous competition between the magazines and for a few years the best projects appeared in Radio Electronics.[12]

The tag line on the Radio-Electronics cover from July 1970 to February 1974 was "For Men With Ideas In Electronics". Almost all of the readers of electronics magazines were male. A Ziff-Davis survey in 1981 showed that 97% of the readers were male.[13] In April 1972 the cover did not have the tag line and there was a letter to the editors from a female reader titled "Women With Ideas In Electronics." The editors asked readers to write in on what would be an appropriate tag line. The "For Men With Ideas In Electronics" returned the next month and stayed until early 1974 when the tag line was changed to "The Magazine with New Ideas in Electronics." In one last affront to the feminist movement, the June 1974 cover of Radio-Electronics has a young lady in a bikini by a swimming pool with that months feature project, a guitar amplifier.

[edit] TVT II - CT-1024 Terminal

CT-1024 Terminal with monitor
CT-1024 Terminal with monitor
CT-1024 Terminal System
CT-1024 Terminal System

The original TV Typewriter was difficult to assemble and some of the ICs were going out of production so Southwest Technical Products decided to redesign the kit. The replacement was featured in Radio Electronics as the TV Typewriter II. This time readers did not have to order a set of plans, the complete design was published in 6 issues starting in February 1975.

Daniel Meyer of SWTPC enlisted Ed Colle, an engineer who had worked at Datapoint on terminal design, to design the new TV Typewriter. The SWTPC CT-1024 Terminal displayed 32 characters by 16 lines without scrolling. It used common TTL parts and 2102 static RAMS. The boards were laid out with very loose part spacing and wide traces to make it easy to assemble. A complete set of option boards were offered including a serial interface. The keyboard was based on Don Lancaster’s design. The rest of the terminal was done by Ed Colle.

The design was finished by late 1974 and the kits were ready for sale by December 1974. The first advertisement for the CT-1024 appeared in the Janurary 1975 issue of Popular Electronics on the page facing the Altair 8800 computer article.[14] The CT-1024 was very successful because a complete kit with options cost only $275. It was replaced in 1977 by the improved CT-64 that offered scrolling and 64 character per line of upper and lower case.

[edit] TV Typewriter Cookbook

Don Lancaster's TV Typewriter Cookbook
Don Lancaster's TV Typewriter Cookbook

By 1975 Don Lancaster had authored over 100 articles in magazines such as Popular Electronics and Radio-Electronics. He had also written a digital design book titled the RTL Cookbook in 1968. Resistor-transistor logic (RTL) was an early IC technology that was replaced by TTL, so in 1974 he published the TTL Cookbook. This book was in print for 20 years and sold a million copies.

The original TV Typewriter was designed before low cost RAM was available and the design was soon obsolete. Don had made many design improvements and published them as the TV Typewriter Cookbook in 1976. Portions had been serialized in the first issues of Byte magazine. The book was a guide on how to design a video computer terminal.

  • Chapter 1. Some Basics.
  • Chapter 2. Integrated Circuits for TVT use.
  • Chapter 3. Memory.
  • Chapter 4. System Timing - Calculation and Circuits.
  • Chapter 5. Cursor and Update Circuits
  • Chapter 6. Keyboards and Encoders.
  • Chapter 7. Serial Interfaces.
  • Chapter 8. Television Interfaces.
  • Chapter 9. Hard Copy and Color Graphics.

This book guided many hobbyist and professionals in designing video displays for home computer systems. The cassette interface design from chapter 7 was the basis for the Kansas City Standard. The circuits in this book did not rely on a microprocessor, just TTL logic. The TV Cheap Video Cookbook (1978) showed the TVT 6 5/8 that would work with a 6502 or 6800 microprocessor. The design was targeted at the KIM-1 Microcomputer.

The original TV Typewriter book cover shows an ASCII keyboard designed by Don Lancaster and sold by Southwest Technical Products. An early computer store chain, the Byte Shop, had the publisher add their logo to the covers and sold the TTL Cookbook and the TV Typewriter Cookbook in their stores. A later edition cover was designed for Radio Shack stores. The ninth printing of the first edition was in 1983.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Lancaster, Don (September 1973). "TV Typewriter". Radio Electronics 44 (9): 43–52. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  2. ^ Freiberger, Paul; Michael Swaine (2000). Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 35-36. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.  "A giant step toward the realization of the personal-computer dream happened in 1973, when Radio Electronics published an article by Don Lancaster that described a 'TV Typewriter'."
  3. ^ Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2003). A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 226. ISBN 0-262-53203-4. "One influential project was the TV-Typewriter, designed by Don Lancaster and published in Radio-Electronics in September 1973."
  4. ^ Editors (November 1973). "TV Typewriter Notes and Comments". Radio Electronics 44 (11): 16, 22. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  5. ^ Lancaster, Don (December 1973). "TV Typewriter Corrections". Radio Electronics 44 (12): 16, 22. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  6. ^ Singer, Hal (Editor). (April 15, 1975). "Modifications for the TVT-1". Micro-8 Computer User Group Newsletter 1 (6): 27–33. Lompoc, CA: Cabrillo Computer Center. 
  7. ^ Smith, Roger (February 1975). "UART and Modem for TV Typewriter". Radio-Electronics 46 (2): 51–53. Gernsback Publications. 
  8. ^ Lancaster, Don (February 1973). "Low-Cost Keyboards". Radio Electronics 44 (2): 54–57, 87,88. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  9. ^ Lancaster, Don (February 1974). "Build Improved ASCII Encoder". Radio-Electronics 45 (2): pg 59–61, 92–96. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  10. ^ Lancaster, Don (April 1974). "ASCII Keyboard and Encoder". Popular Electronics 5 (2): 27–31. Ziff Davis. 
  11. ^ Freiberger, Paul; Michael Swaine (2000). Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 220. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.  "Computer enthusiasts relied on the hobbyist electronics magazines, such as Popular Electronics and Radio Electronics, to stay up on the latest technological developments."
  12. ^ Mims, Forrest M. (1986). Siliconnections: Coming of Age in the Electronics Era. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 169. ISBN 0-07-0242411-X.  The Popular Electronics management decided to devote more space to audio and citizen's band radio to attract more advertisers. After Radio Electronics' success with the TV Typewriter and Mark 8 computer articles, Popular Electronics renewed the project article competition.
  13. ^ Art Salsberg (November 1982). "Editorial: Number One!". Computers & Electronics 20 (11): 4. Ziff Davis Publishing. "A survey of subscribers conducted last year confirmed again that the great majority of our readers are male (97%)..."
  14. ^ Roberts, H. Edward; William Yates (January 1975). "Altair 8800 minicomputer". Popular Electronics 7 (1): 33–38. New York: Ziff-Davis.  The full page advertisement, "SWTPC is Proud to Announce the CT-1024 Terminal System", appeared on page 32. The Altair 8800 article started on page 33.

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] Books

  • Lancaster, Don (1974). TTL Cookbook, First edition, Indianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams. ISBN 0-672-21035-5. 
  • Lancaster, Don (1976). TV Typewriter Cookbook, First edition, Indianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams. ISBN 0-672-21313-3. 
  • Lancaster, Don (1978). The Cheap Video Cookbook, First edition, Indianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams. ISBN 0-672-21524-1. 

[edit] Construction articles for TVT I

  • Lancaster, Don (February 1973). "Low-Cost Keyboards". Radio-Electronics 44 (2): 54–57, 87–88. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Lancaster, Don (April 1973). "ASCII Keyboard Encoder". Radio-Electronics 44 (4): 55–59. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Lancaster, Don (September 1973). "TV Typewriter". Radio-Electronics 44 (9): 43–52. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Editors (November 1973). "TV Typewriter Notes and Comments". Radio-Electronics 44 (11): 16, 22. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Lancaster, Don (December 1973). "TV Typewriter Corrections". Radio-Electronics 44 (12): 16, 22. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Lancaster, Don (February 1974). "Build Improved ASCII Encoder". Radio-Electronics 45 (2): 59–61, 92–96. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Garlan, Herman (March 1974). "FCC Warning". Radio-Electronics 45 (3): pg 86. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Lancaster, Don (April 1974). "ASCII Keyboard and Encoder". Popular Electronics 5 (2): 27–31. New York, NY: Ziff-Davis Publishing. 
  • Smith, Roger (February 1975). "UART and Modem for TV Typewriter". Radio-Electronics 46 (2): 51–53. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 

[edit] Construction articles for TVT II

  • Colle, Ed (February 1975). "TV Typewriter II". Radio-Electronics 46 (2): 27–30. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Colle, Ed (March 1975). "TV Typewriter II, Part 2". Radio-Electronics 46 (3): 56–58. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Colle, Ed (April 1975). "TV Typewriter II, Part 3". Radio-Electronics 46 (4): 61–63, 86,87,90. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Colle, Ed (September 1975). "TV Typewriter II Screen-read Board". Radio-Electronics 46 (9): 56,57,76,77. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Colle, Ed (November 1975). "TV Typewriter II Manual Cursor Board". Radio-Electronics 46 (11): 61–63, 86,87,90. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 
  • Colle, Ed (April 1976). "Serial Interface For TVT II". Radio-Electronics 47 (4): 60–62, 80,81. New York, NY: Gernsback Publications. 

[edit] Construction articles for TVT-6

  • Lancaster, Don (July 1977). "Build the TVT-6: A Low Cost Direct Video Display". Popular Electronics 12 (1): 47–52. New York, NY: Ziff-Davis Publishing. 
  • Lancaster, Don (August 1977). "Build the TVT-6: Part II". Popular Electronics 12 (2): 49–54. New York, NY: Ziff-Davis Publishing.  Has video software written in 6502 assembly language for the KIM-1 microcomputer.
  • Lancaster, Don (October 1977). "Hex to ASCII Converter for Your TVT-6". Popular Electronics 12 (4): 49–52. New York, NY: Ziff-Davis Publishing. 

[edit] BYTE magazine

  • Lancaster, Don (September 1975). "Serial Interface". BYTE 1 (1): 22–37. Peterborough NH: Green Publishing. 
  • Lancaster, Don (October 1975). "Television Interface". BYTE 1 (2): 20–33. Peterborough NH: Green Publishing. 
  • Lancaster, Don (November 1975). "The In and Outs of Volatile Memories". BYTE 1 (3): 12–17. Peterborough NH: Green Publishing. 
  • Lancaster, Don (December 1975). "Read Only Memory Technology". BYTE 1 (4): 64–69. Peterborough NH: Green Publishing. 

[edit] See also

[edit] External links