Turno

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El Turno Pacifico was a system put in place in Spain under the Restoration by Antonio Canovas del Castillo as a method of both rigging the elections and giving both establishment parties a turn at Government. After almost a whole century of political instability and many civil wars, the aim of the Restoration was to create a new political system, which ensured stability. Under this plan, "The Peaceful Turn," the two political parties of the time, the Liberal-Conservatives of the centre-right and the Liberals on the centre-left would take turns being in power, so no sector of the bourgeoisie felt isolated, and excluded all other parties from the system. This was achieved by electoral fraud. Despite being modelled on the UK system, it lacked a responsiveness to popular opinion as (until about 1914) the outcome was broadly decided in advance.

———- Deputies ———- Period Absten. PSOE C. Rep. Soc. Repub Rep. Dem. Democ. Reform. Progres. Constit. Liber. Dis. Liber. Of. Consr. Dis. Consr. Of. Moder. Carlist Region. Indep. ———- 23/1/1876 45 5 1 27 333 12 7 ———- 20/4/1879 7 7 56 293 11 18 ———- 20/8/1881 29 32 297 39 5 19 ———- 27/4/1884 28 5 36 31 318 2 ———- 4/4/1886 22 10 278 11 56 2 13 ———- 1/2/1891 31 9 74 9 253 7 16 ———- 5/3/1893 47 281 17 44 7 4 ———- 12/4/1896 1 88 10 269 9 24 ———- 27/3/1898 16 284 18 66 32 ———- 16/4/1899 35 18 29 93 14 222 3 23 ———- 19/5/1901 33 19 12 233 8 79 7 6 37 ———- 26/4/1903 36 9 93 10 230 7 7 11 ———- 10/9/1905 30 229 26 96 5 7 11 ———- 21/4/1907 33 17 9 69 252 11 41 5 ———- 8/5/1910 17 1 37 219 102 10 8 11 ———- 8/3/1914 24.7 1 33 36 85 26 188 7 13 19 ———- 9/4/1916 20.3 20 11 230 25 88 10 14 11 ———- 24/2/1918 29.6 6 15 8 75 92 57 98 13 32 13 ———- 1/6/1919 28.8 6 15 8 81 52 109 93 5 23 10 ———- 19/12/1920 33.6 4 15 10 63 40 47 185 8 19 18 ———- 29/4/1923 23.2 7 11 20 203 27 81 6 22 32
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