Trunk deck ship
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A trunk deck ship is a type of merchant ship with a hull that was stepped inward in order to obtain more favourable treatment under canal toll rules then in effect. As those tolls were set by net tonnage, a measure of volume, and as the tonnage rules did not account for all of the cargo space of such vessels, they incurred lower tolls than more conventional ships of equivalent capacity. When the measurement rules were changed, the type was no longer built.
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[edit] Background and design
Trunk deck ships were influenced by (some would say copied from) turret deck ships. In 1892, the Sunderland, England firm of William Doxford and Sons Ltd. built its first turret deck ship. Inspired by U.S. whalebacks, one of which had recently visited Liverpool, Doxford built a ship which had a curved hull form which was stepped in above the waterline.[1] The narrow part of the hull, called a turret, was part of the hold.[2]
Four years after the first turret deck ship, the first trunk deck ship appeared. SS Trunkby, completed in 1896, was built by Robert Ropner at his shipyard at Stockton-on-Tees.[3] She was of "three-island" construction with a forecastle, bridge house, and quarterdeck, extending to the full width of a low-freeboard hull. Her distinctive feature was a long "trunk" along the centerline, with a breadth of about half the vessel's beam, which connecting the three elements of the superstructure.[4] This trunk was stepped inward from the sides of the hull.[5] That trunk was not a deckhouse or superstructure, but was part of the hull, and contained cargo space. [6]
In hull form, trunk ships resembled turret deck vessels, differing mainly in eliminating the curves and joining the above-water horizontal part of the hull with the vertical strakes and sides of the trunk by right angles.[7] The similarity was such that Doxford, builder and operator of the turret decks, sued Ropners for patent infringment.[8]
[edit] Advantages and disadvantages
As with turret deck ships, the design of the trunk deck ships was said to maximize strength while reducing the amount of steel needed for construction.[9] Disadvantages included the narrow hatches atop the trunk, which inhibited efficient loading and unloading. The low freeboard meant smaller waves could board the ship, and the bridge and superstructure therefore had to be stronger to resist wave action.[8]
Trunk deck ships had a low net tonnage (an approximate measure of cargo space) in comparison to their deadweight tonnage capacity (weight of cargo).[10] Net tonnage is a computation of volume, and the method of measurement used at the Suez Canal to determine tolls was based on a measure of net tonnage which excluded some of the cargo spaces of these unconventional hulls. Trunk deck ships therefore paid less in tolls.[8] In 1911 the toll measure changed at Suez, and construction of the type ceased.[11]
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
- ^ Craig, p. 35; Woodman, p. 179.
- ^ Woodman, p. 179.
- ^ Ropner Shipbuilding; Duerkop, Some Marine Terminology (definition 60, TRUNKED DECK STEAMER);
- ^ Walton, p. 161.
- ^ Craig, Different types of vessels classified in Lloyd’s Register Book (illustration), inside front cover; Photograph, bow 1/4 view of SS Trunkby.
- ^ Craig, Steam Tramps and Cargo Liners, Cross-sections of typical bulk carrying cargo ships built between the 1870’s and 1900’s (illustration reproduced from Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects, XLIX (1907)), inside back cover.
- ^ Craig, Different types of vessels classified in Lloyd’s Register Book (illustration), inside front cover; Woodman, p. 180 (illustration of exemplars of trunk and turret deck ships, taken from Paasch, From Keel to Mast-Truck, a marine dictionary).
- ^ a b c Some Marine Terminology (definition 60, TRUNKED DECK STEAMER).
- ^ Craig, Steam Tramps and Ocean Liners, p. 35.
- ^ Walton, p. 164.
- ^ Craig, pp. 35-37; Duerkop, Some Marine Terminology (definition 60, TRUNKED DECK STEAMER).
[edit] Sources
- Craig, Robin (1980), Steam Tramps and Cargo Liners 1850–1950, vol. 5, Ipswich: National Maritime Museum/W.S.Cowell Ltd. for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, ISBN 0-1129-0315-0
- Duerkop, John (July 2007). Some Marine Terminology. Research Resources. Marine Museum of the Great Lakes at Kingston. Retrieved on 2007-11-17.
- Macdonald, Mike (2000). Tyne to Tees shipping and shipbuilding "Reading List" (M-Z). Transport History Pages. Retrieved on 2007-11-17.
- Ropners, Owning and Building Ships. Shipping Lines. PortCities Southhampton. Retrieved on 2007-11-18.
- Ropner Shipbuilding. The Best of British Engineering 1750s–1960s. Grace's Guide (2007-09-16). Retrieved on 2007-11-17.
- Walton, Thomas (1908), Steel Ships: Their Construction and Maintenance (4th ed.), London: Charles Griffin & Co., pp. 161–65. Google books has images of those pages, which contain the chapter entitled Trunk Steamers. Retrieved on 2008-03-26.
- Woodman, Richard (1997/2002), The History of the Ship, London: Lyons Press (Globe Pequot Press)/Conway Maritime Press, ISBN 1-5857-4621-5.
[edit] Photographs
- Bow 3/4 and Stern 3/4 photographs of SS Trunkby from Old Ship Picture Galleries of www.photoship.co.uk; provenance unknown; location appears to be in River Avon (Bristol).
