Trionfi (cards)
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Trionfi, Italian name for playing cards with allegorical content, which were used during the game as trumps in 15th century. One typus of the Trionfi decks developed to the Tarot cards. According to the current state of research the name was first used in February 1442 in Ferrara, when the painter Sagramoro received money for the production of 4 playing card decks ("4 para de chartexele da trionffi"), which contained a series of trumps and the common 4 Italian suits: "le chope e le spade e li dinari e li bastoni e tutte le figure"[1]. In the following years the name appears variously in playing card contexts, the major part of the documents are known from the Ferrarese court. Parallel to this development extant early cards are known mainly from Milan (socalled "Visconti-Sforza Tarocchi"), which are identified as forerunners of the later Tarot cards. The earliest cards of this type of deck are:
(all not totally complete)
A letter from November 1449 by the Venetian provvedittore Antonio Jacopo Marcello used the expression for a deck, which was produced 1425 or earlier. It was commissioned by the duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti, painted by Michelino da Besozzo and described in an accompanying text by Martiano da Tortona. The deck itself is lost, but the description offers details about the deck. It had likely totally 60 cards (4 kings, 40 number cards and 16 trumps). The 44 suit cards used birds as suit signs and the trumps presented 16 Roman gods (Report - translated letter - translated description.
The known documents, which use the word in 15th century, are collected in the web [3]. It's apparent, that one cannot be sure, that any note of the word Trionfi (or similar, for instance ludus triumphorum) in 15th century indicated something, which was similar to Tarot cards, as they are popular today, neither in regard of the motifs nor in regard of the deck structure. A Ferrarese document in 1457 [4] notes the production of 2 decks, from which each had 70 cards - the usual modern Tarot deck form has 78 cards].
The first sure deck with 78 cards appears in the Boiardo Tarocchi poem [5] (the date is not sure; with security between 1461 - 1494, likely in the 70's of 15th century). The deck structure is then according to the Tarot-standard, but the motifs and suits signs of the Boiardo deck are totally different.
Likely the name Trionfi cards was used in the early time for decks, which were produced at the opportunty of a triumphal occasion (a marriage, military victory or a peace treaty) as a small part of the much more volumious festivities, which also were called "Trionfi", a type of celebration, which became excessively popular in Italy (since the time of 1440/1450). Some examples:
- the above mentioned deck of Michelino da Besozzo possibly was meant to accompany a Trionfi of Filippo Maria Visconto at 2nd of June 1425.
- the above mentioned Cary-Yale is estimated to have been produced for the marriage of Bianca Maria Visconti and Francesco Sforza in October 1441
- The above mentioned Pierpont-Morgan-Bergamo Tarocchi (estimated to be produced 1452) relates possibly to a triumphal activity in Milan in August 1453.
- The above mentioned 2 decks from Ferrara in June 1457 seem to relate to a visit at Ferrara of the young Milanese heir of the dukedom Galeazzo Maria Visconti in July/August 1457
- We've only one note about Trionfi cards in Siena, 1451. It's just the year of a 4-day-celebration for the first meeting between Emperor Fredrick III. and his bride, Eleanore of Portugal.
- We've 2 notes of Naples in 1473 and 1474. It's just the time, when the King of Naples prepares for the marriages of daughters.
- It's reported, that Bianca Maria Sforza brought cards from Italy to her wedding with Emperor Maximilian in 1494. The cards were intensively discussed and admired at the evening before the wedding night.
- A German card deck (without any sort of Tarot structure, but preferring the traditional card form) was produced to the marriage of the son of the German emperor to a Spanish princess.
The names Taraux and Tarocchi appear according current Tarot research for the first time in the year 1505 parallel in Avignon (France) and Ferrara [6]. Around this time (or short later) the name Trionfi seems to modify its character in playing card context, it appears as a game of its own (Rabelais knows a Taraux and a Trionfi game) and seems no longer connected to the specific allegorical cards. The general English expression "trump" and the German "trumpfen" (in card games) have developed from the Italian "Trionfi".
