Trespass on the case

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A Writ of Trespass and Writ of Trespass on the Case are the two catchall torts from English Common Law, the former involving trespass against person, the latter involving trespass against anything else which may be actionable. The writ is also known in modern times as Action on the Case and can be sought for any action that may be considered as a tort but is yet to be an established category.

[edit] The Emergence of the Writ of Trespass

Trespass and Trespass on the Case, or "Case", began as personal remedies in the royal courts in London in the 13th century. These early forms of trespass reflected a wide range of wrongs.

In 1278, however, the Statute of Gloucester was passed. This limited actions in the royal courts to property damage worth above 40 shillings, maims, beatings or wounds. Soon after this Statute was passed, writs of Trespass appeared in a stereotyped form alleging "force and arms", or "vi et armis." Trespass writs alleging force and arms became known as Trespass.

Some of the cases brought in "vi-et armis" form, probably did not in fact involve force and arms at all, and could be regarded as fictions.^[1]

An example is Rattlesdene v Grunestone [1317]^[2], which was a case about the adulteration of wine with salt water. The form of the writ stated however that the defendants "with force and arms, namely with swords and bows and arrows, drew off a great part of the wine from the aforesaid tun and instead of the wine so drawn off they filled the tun with salt water so that all the aforesaid wine was destroyed"

[edit] The Emergence of the Writ of Trespass on the Case

By the 1350s, Writs of Trespass could only be litigated in the royal courts if they alleged "force and arms." This was largely however, a problem of procedure; some sections of the royal courts were more liberal than others in this respect, however; in particular, procedure under the King's Bench was less strict than procedure by Writ in the Common Pleas. There were a number of cases brought under by a procedure of Bill into the King's Bench which did not allege force and arms between the 1340s and 1360s. In the Humber Ferry Case (1348), a horse was lost while being ferried across the Humber, and no force and arms was alleged.

The turning point in the creation of "honest" writs of Case was Waldon v Mareschal ( 1369). The facts alleged were that the defendant had negligently treated the claimant's horse. The record showed that the court of the Common Pleas accepted that in such a situation, an allegation of force and arms in a writ would not be appropriate. By the 1390s, actions on the Case were common.