Tree Sparrow

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Tree Sparrow
Adult plumage
Adult plumage
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Passeridae
Genus: Passer
Species: P. montanus
Binomial name
Passer montanus
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus, breeds over most of Europe and Siberia, and allied forms occur in other parts of Asia. It has been introduced to Australia, and the United States (where it is known as the Eurasian Tree Sparrow or German Sparrow to differentiate it from the native, unrelated American Tree Sparrow), where German immigrants introduced it to the area around St. Louis in the 1870s. From there, it has slowly expanded its range into Illinois and Missouri. Changes in farming methods have meant that this species is declining in some parts of western Europe.

Contents

[edit] Identification

The Tree Sparrow is 12.5–14 cm long. The adult's crown and nape are rich chestnut, and on the white cheeks and ear-coverts there is a triangular black patch; the chin and throat are black. Two distinct though narrow white bars cross the brown wings. In summer the bill is lead-blue, and in winter almost black. The legs are pale brown and the irides hazel. The sexes are practically alike.

The young, even in the nest, closely resemble their parents. They are said to be duller, and the face pattern is less distinct. The breast and belly are browner than in the adult.

The Tree Sparrow's voice is more shrill than the House Sparrow's; the call is a shorter chip, and the song, consisting of modulated chirps, is more musical.

This bird is often confused with the larger House Sparrow, but its rich brown, almost coppery head, the black patch on its white cheeks, and the double white wing bar, together with its slighter and more graceful build, are distinctive.

[edit] Habitat and breeding

The Tree Sparrow is rural in Europe, but replaces its relative as a town bird in parts of Asia. In the Philippines, it can be located in both rural areas, cities, and towns, where they can be seen gathering and perching along electric wires, especially in twilight. In Australia, it is found in some rural and semi-rural districts, but not cities. The small American population is sometimes referred to as "German Sparrows", to distinguish it from the native species as well as the vast numbers of "English" House Sparrows.

Though occasionally nesting in isolated trees, it is a gregarious bird at all seasons, and a grove of old trees with a plentiful supply of hollows, or a disused quarry, are favourite sites for the colony; what it likes is a hole in which to put its untidy nest, composed of hay, grass, wool or other material and lined with feathers.

Some of the nests are not actually in holes in rock, but are built among roots of overhanging furze or other bushes. The haunts of man are not always shunned, for old thatch in a barn or cottage will shelter a colony. A domed nest, like that of the House Sparrow, is sometimes built in the old nest of a Magpie or other bird.

The four to six eggs, usually five, are smaller and, as a rule, browner than those of the House Sparrow. They vary considerably, and frequently the markings are massed at one end. In most clutches one egg is lighter and differs in markings from the others.

[edit] Trivia

 Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines.
The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.
  • The fluttering courtship movements of sparrows, the Tree Sparrow in particular, inspired the Japanese traditional dance suzume odori, literally "sparrow dance".
  • In the Philippines, where it is known as maya, the Tree Sparrow is the most common bird in the cities. Although many urban Filipinos think it was the national bird, the former national bird of the Philippines is actually the Black-headed Munia[1], another species also known as maya.
  • The Tree Sparrow plays a major role in the manga series, Sparrow, as the symbol of life in battle.

[edit] Gallery

Adult

Adult

Adult

A first summer

Eating

Nest and eggs (A)

Roof tile clearance (B)

Grass area (C)

Images A-C show the nest of a Tree Sparrow made under a small space in the roof tiles of a wooden house in Japan. The nest is bowl-shaped, 5–6 cm in diameter, and about 4 cm deep. The egg is grey marked with light brownish, 1.5 cm long and 1 cm across. The material of the nest is mainly grass. A roof tile is about 30 cm square.

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ Kennedy, Robert; et al.. A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines. ISBN 0198546688. 

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

Note: the following bibliography is for the Eurasian Tree Sparrow (North America).

[edit] Book

  • Barlow, J. C., and S. N. Leckie. 2000. Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus). In The Birds of North America, No. 560 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

[edit] Articles

  • Briskie JV. (2006). Introduced birds as model systems for the conservation of endangered native birds. Auk. vol 123, no 4. p. 949-957.
  • Dinsmore JJ. (1998). Iowa's avifauna: Recent changes and prospects for the future. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science. vol 105, no 3. p. 115-122.
  • Fanny OID, Yuda P & Jati WN. (2006). Nesting niche partition between the Java Sparrow and Eurasian Tree Sparrow in the Prambanan temples complex. Journal of Ornithology. p. 1) 165, AUG 2006.
  • Holz PH, Beveridge I & Ross T. (2005). Knemidocoptes intermedius in wild superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehallandiae). Australian Veterinary Journal. vol 83, no 6. p. 374-375.
  • Koes RF. (1988). Eurasian Tree Sparrow in Manitoba Canada. Blue Jay. vol 46, no 1. p. 34-35.
  • Koes RF. (1991). Additions to the Manitoba Bird List 1985-1990. Blue Jay. vol 49, no 4. p. 202-207.
  • Lang AL & Barlow JC. (1987). Syllable Sharing among North America Populations of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow. Condor. vol 89, no 4. p. 746-751.
  • Lang AL & Barlow JC. (1997). Cultural revolution in the Eurasian Tree Sparrow: Divergence between introduced and ancestral. Condor. vol 99, no 2. p. 413.
  • Lee KA, Martin LB, Hasselquist D, Ricklefs RE & Wikelski M. (2006). Contrasting adaptive immune defenses and blood parasite prevalence in closely related Passer sparrows. Oecologia. vol 150, no 3. p. 383-392.
  • Lee KA, Martin LB & Wikelski MC. (2005). Responding to inflammatory challenges is less costly for a successful avian invader, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), than its less-invasive congener. Oecologia. vol 145, no 2. p. 244-251.
  • Lee KA, Wikelski M & Hasselquist D. (2003). Sex influences immune responses differently in the house sparrow and a monomorphic congener, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow. Integrative & Comparative Biology. vol 43, no 6.
  • Pinowski J, Haman A, Jerzak L, Pinowska B, Barkowska Moa, Grodzki A & Haman K. (2006). The thermal properties of some nests of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus. Journal of Thermal Biology. vol 31, no 7. p. 573-581.
  • St Louis VL & Barlow JC. (1987). Comparisons between Morphometric and Genetic Differentiation among Populations of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer-Montanus. Wilson Bulletin. vol 99, no 4. p. 628-641.
  • St Louis VL & Barlow JC. (1988). Genetic Differentiation among Ancestral and Introduced Populations of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer-Montanus. Evolution. vol 42, no 2. p. 266-276.
  • St Louis VL & Barlow JC. (1991). Morphometric Analyses of Introduced and Ancestral Populations of the Eurasian Tree Sparrow. Wilson Bulletin. vol 103, no 1. p. 1-12.
  • VanderWerf EA, Wiles GJ, Marshall AP & Knecht M. (2006). Observations of migrants and other birds in Palau, April-May 2005, including the first Micronesian record of a Richard's Pipit. Micronesica. vol 39, no 1. p. 21-29.
  • Veiga JP. (1990). A Comparative Study of Reproductive Adaptations in House and Tree Sparrows. Auk. vol 107, no 1. p. 45-59.
  • Vice DS, Vice DL & Gibbons JC. (2005). Multiple predations of wild birds by brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam. Micronesica. vol 38, no 1. p. 121-124.
  • Warren PS, Katti M, Ermann M & Brazel A. (2006). Urban bioacoustics: it's not just noise. Animal Behaviour. vol 71, p. 491-502.
  • Wong M. (1983). Effect of Unlimited Food Availability on the Breeding Biology of Wild Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer-Montanus in West Malaysia. Wilson Bulletin. vol 95, no 2. p. 287-294.

[edit] External links


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