Treaty of Berlin (1878)

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The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Hamid revised the Treaty of San Stefano signed on March 3 of the same year. The most important issue of the Congress was to decide the fate of the re-established Kingdom of Bulgaria.^[1] On the insistence of Russia, however, Bulgarians were excluded from all talk.^[2]

The treaty recognized the complete independence of the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria, though the latter remained under formal Ottoman overlordship and was divided into three parts: the Principality of Bulgaria, the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia and Macedonia given back to the Ottomans^[3], thus undoing Russian plans for an independent and Russophile "Greater Bulgaria". The previous Treaty of San Stefano had created an enormous Bulgarian state which was just what Great Britain and Austria-Hungary feared the most.^[4] The Ottoman province of Bosnia-Herzegovina as well as the former Sanjak of Novi Pazar were placed under Austro-Hungarian occupation, though formally remaining a part of the Ottoman Empire.

The three newly-independent states subsequently proclaimed themselves kingdoms (Romania in 1881, Serbia in 1882 and Montenegro in 1910), while Bulgaria proclaimed full independence in 1908 after uniting with Eastern Rumelia in 1885. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia in 1908, sparking a major European crisis.

The Treaty of Berlin accorded special legal status to some religious groups; it also served as a model for the Minorities System that was subsequently established within the framework of the League of Nations.^[5]

The Treaty also vaguely called for a border rectification between Greece and the Ottoman Empire which occurred after protracted negotiations in 1881 with the transfer of Thessaly to Greece.

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[edit] See also

• List of treaties

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Krasner, Stephen D. (1999). Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. Princeton University Press, p.165. ISBN 069100711X. 
2. ^ Krasner, p.165
3. ^ Jelavich, Barbara (2004). Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821-1878. Cambridge University Press, p.286. ISBN 052152251X. 
4. ^ Crampton, R. J. (2005). A Concise History of Bulgaria. Cambridge University Press, p.84. ISBN 0521850851. 
5. ^ Buergenthal, Thomas (July 1, 2002). International Human Rights in a Nutshell (3rd Edition). West Publishing Company. ISBN 0-314-26014-5.  p. 7