Transhumance in the Alps
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The traditional economy of the Alps throughout history has been based upon rearing cattle involving seasonal migration between valley and high pastures (German Almwirtschaft, Alpwirtschaft from the term for "seasonal mountain pasture", Alm, Alp).
That practice has shaped a lot of landscape in the Alps, as without it, most areas below 2000 m would be forests. While tourism and industry contribute today much to Alpine economy, seasonal migration to high pastures is still practiced in Bavaria, Austria, Italy and Switzerland, except in their most frequented tourist centers. In some places, cattle are taken care of by local farmer families who move to higher places. In others, this job is for herdsmen who are employees of the cooperative owning the pastures.
Transhumance contributes a lot to traditional Alpine culture, such as Yodel, Alphorn or Schwingen.
Some people spent the winters isolated in the high pastures. In Johanna Spyri's novel Heidi, the "Alm-Öhi ("high-pasture grandfather") is such a person, despising and despised by the villagers.
[edit] History
German Alm "seasonal mountain pasture" is a reduced form of Alben, the original dative singular of Albe. In Alemannic German, Alp remains current. The word is originally identical to the name of the Alps itself, probably a pre-Roman (and possibly pre-Indo-European) term for "mountain".
There is evidence of transhumance economy in the Alps dating to the 5th millennium BC (Neolithic Europe).[citation needed] AINSA research found evidence for transhumance in the Northern Limestone Alps dating to the Late Bronze Age Halstatt culture (17th to 10th centuries BC), with pastures above the treeline at 1500 to 2100 m.
[edit] Statistics
In 1997, Austria had over 12,000 sites where 70,000 farmers take care of about 500,000 cattle. Alpine pastures amount to a quarter of the farmland.
Bavaria had 1,384 sites hosting 48,000 cattle, about half of them in Upper Bavaria and the other half in the Allgäu.
In Switzerland, about 380,000 cattle including 130,000 milk cows as well as 200,000 sheep are in summer on high pastures. Milk from cows here is usually made into local cheese specialities, handmade using traditional methods and tools. Alpine pastures amount to 35 percent of Swiss farmland.
[edit] See also
- Transhumance
- History of the Alps
- Valleys of the Alps
- Animal husbandry
- Swiss folklore
- pre-Christian Alpine traditions
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