Toy Biz v. United States
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Toy Biz v. United States was a 2003 decision in the Court of International Trade that determined that for purposes of tariffs, Toy Biz's action figures were toys, not dolls, because they represented "nonhuman creatures."
[edit] Background
U.S. law distinguishes between two types of action figures for determining tariffs: dolls, which are defined to include human figures, and toys, which include "nonhuman creatures". Because duties on dolls were higher than on toys, Marvel Comics subsidiary Toy Biz argued before the U.S. Court of International Trade, that their action figures (including the X-Men and Fantastic Four) represented "nonhuman creatures" and were subject to the lower tariff rates for toys instead of the higher ones for dolls. On January 3, 2003, after examining more than 60 action figures, Judge Judith Barzilay ruled in their favor, granting Toy Biz reimbursement for import taxes on previous toys.
[edit] Reaction
Because a common theme in Marvel Comics had been the struggle for mutants like the X-Men to prove their humanity, the case shocked comic book writer Chuck Austen and numerous fans. Marvel responded to these concerns by claiming "our heroes are living, breathing human beings— but humans who have extraordinary abilities ... A decision that the X-Men figures indeed do have 'nonhuman' characteristics further proves our characters have special, out-of-this world powers."
[edit] References
- Toy Biz v. United States. United States Court of International Trade, January 3, 2003. (PDF)
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