Tongbeiquan

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Tongbeiquan (literally "Spreading Power from the Back Boxing" as "tong" means "through," "bei" means "back" and "quan" means "fist.") Tongbeiquan is one of the schools popular in northern China. Tongbeiquan's basic precepts are Daoist in nature and many of the training methods in Tongbeiquan are similar to those of the internal styles. In traditional Tongbeiquan training, several parts are included; they are basic training (Stance, arm techniques, leg techniques and conditioning), combinations, forms training, two person free sparring, weapons training, and qigong training.

[edit] Exercise and Shen Fa

Originally, Tongbei may not have referred to a school of boxing but to a way of exercise. When the exercises are done, power is generated from the back to pass through the shoulders and then reach the arms. In this way, heavy blows can be delivered at the arm's length to control the opponent. Tongbeiquan emphasizes the combination of inner core and outward application.

[edit] Application of the Five Elements to Tongbeiquan Theory

Wuxing Tongbeiquan takes the five elements as its core and back-through as its application. Back-through Boxing takes the five elements of traditional Chinese philosophy as its basic theory. This philosophy believes that heaven is an ecosystem while the human being is a small one but the principles of the systems remains constant regardless of the size. The five elements of the heaven are metal, wood, water, fire and earth while those of the human being the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. The five elements of Boxing are wrestling, batting, piercing, axing and boring. The Chinese boxing philosophy believes that everything in the world finds its roots in the five elements while all Boxing schools are also based on its five elements. The following table demonstrates the interrelations among the five elements of the heaven and those of the human being and boxing:

[edit] Names and Subsets

Due to its long history, Tongbeiquan has various names and sub-sets in different places. Baiyuan Tongbeiquan has two subsets Shi and Qi style. From Qi style Baiyuan Tongbeiquan there are also a number of subsets such as, "Wu Xing" (5 Elements) Tongbeiquan and 5 Monkey Tongbeiquan. While there are different names and styles of Baiyuan Tongbeiquan all of the fore-mentioned styles are based on the same boxing theory and have the similar origins. There are also Shaolin Tongbeiquan, Pigua Tongbeiquan, and others that differ from Baiyuan Tongbeiquan in methods and principles, but bear similar names.

There are other styles, which names are also pronounced "Tongbeiquan," but are written with another "bei" or “bi” characters ("preparing," "arm" etc). Many books about Chinese martial arts confuse those styles with each other. Also there is another style called "Hong Dong Tongbeiquan," which is a local version of Taijiquan and, therefore, is a different style.

According to the Boxing Chronicles by Xu Jianchi (1931), Qi Xin of Zhejiang went to teach the back-through Boxing at Gu'an in Hebei Province in the middle and latter half of the Qing Dynasty. His style was then called Qi-style Boxing which was later named as Tongbei or Back-through Boxing. Qi's son, Qi Taichang improved and developed the Boxing techniques. People then divided Qi style Tongbeiquan into an old style (represented by father) and a young one (represented by son). The old style emphasizes simplicity and power whereas the new style concentrates on exquisiteness and suppleness. Many masters emerged in this school later. Tongbei Quan now in practice is generally divided into two styles. One has been passed down from Qi Xin, the father and the other from Qi Taichang, the son. Xiu Jianchi, a successor to the new style, combined the best elements of his predecessors and left his theoretical summaries on stances, methods and philosophy of the Boxing to his followers, Xiu's writings are vital materials for the study and research of Tongbeiquan. Another of Lu Yunqing's students was Shi Hongsheng who also created his own Shi style Tongbeiquan.

From 1910s, some Qi style masters started to teach Tongbeiquan to the public. Subsequently, Qi style became much more popular than the Shi style. Today the vast majority of Tongbeiquan practitioners are in Qi style or its branches. But even when they taught in public, the masters still withheld some skills. Most masters only taught high level skills to some disciples in their private classes. As Qi style became somewhat more popular, a few forms were created for teaching purposes. Compared to Qi style, Shi style group still kept the old way. So people sometimes called the Shi style Hei Quan (Black Fist), and their style is sometimes considered heterodox.

[edit] Abridged Tongbeiquan Lineage since the 19th Century Qing Dynasty

[edit] (Emperor Daoguang's Reign 1821-1850)

Lu Yunqing

       Qi Xin1

       Shi Hongsheng3

       Qi Taichang2

       Zhang Wencheng 

       Xu Tianhe

       Li Zhendong (Quick Hand Black Li) 

       Xu Jianchi  

       Li Shusen (Iron Arm Li)

1 Founder of Lao Qi Pai Tongbeiquan
2 Founder of Shao Qi Pai Tongbeiquan
3 Founder of Shi Baiyuan Tongbeiquan

[edit] Major schools and styles of Baiyuan Tongbeiquan

[edit] Old Qi Style

• Qi Xin’s Lao Qi Pai basic training is based on 108 single methods, sometimes called Chai Quan ("Divided Fists").

• Qi Taichang's Shao Qi Pai variant is based on continuous using of the 5 kinds of palm strikes. Each kind of strike is correlated with one of the 5 elements (earth, metal, water, wood and fire), hence Shao Qi Pai is also called Wu Xing Tongbeiquan ("5 Elements Tongbeiquan").

There are 6 basic sets of Shao Qi Pai Tongbeiquan.

• Da Peng Zhang Yi (Great bird spreads its wings)
• Qi Xing Hua Ji (Changing of forms and transformations of strikes)
• Yi Zi Lian Ji Pao("Continuous cannon strikes of one word”)
• Shi Er Lian Zhu Pao ("12 continuous cannon strikes"). This style does not use single strikes, all strikes are linked together in sequences.

There are more advanced forms in Shao Qi Pai Tongbeiquan such as "3 Deadly Palms": "Palm of Entangling the Soul," "Palm of Hunting the Soul" and "Palm of Chopping the Soul."

[edit] Shi Style

Since the two Qi styles of Tongbeiquan are so widespread and has many more forms; version of Shi family is not as well-known, it is considered a heterodox style and sometimes is called "heiquan" ("black fist"). The training syllabus of Shi style Tongbeiquan constitutes the following:

• Six Primary Skills
• Eight Older Fists (a short form)
• Twelve Linking Fists (the number of fists may vary depending on lineage)
• Twenty Four Posture Form
• Thirty Six Take Apart Fist (also a form)
• 108 individual techniques

[edit] Secrecy

Baiyuan Tongbeiquan masters followed the orthodox Chinese martial art model of keeping their teachings very secretive. Even other traditional wushu stylists often criticize this group as too conservative. Tongbeiquan instructors usually did not teach in public. Because of this conservatism, it was very difficult to join the group to study this skill. Tongbeiquan teachers would teach only behind closed doors. The masters always felt that the high level skills should only be passed to morally upstanding people who must have a good personality, be smart enough to grasp the principles, as well as be diligent in practice. So all this prevented Tongbeiquan from having particularly large numbers of practitioners. The result of this lack of open teaching is seen in the rarity of the style. However, in recent years many teachers have become much more open and there are teachers teaching openly throughout China as well as in the west.

[edit] Contemporary Wushu

Tongbei is present in modern wushu as well and is practiced by the contemporary wushu athletes coming out of the Chinese sports universities (referred to in some wushu circles and the University faction Xue Yuan Pai who study the routines in school and learn with performance being the key feature).

In the 1970s, Tongbeiquan was added by the Chinese Wushu Association as an open routine for wushu taolu forms competition. In the 80's it was formally classfied as a Class II Other Open Hand event which mean it is in the Northern category of traditional empty hand forms along with Fanziquan, Piguaquan and Chuojiao.

The modern wushu style of Tongbeiquan, while having a different emphasis than traditional Tongbeiquan, is still popular in the same regions of northern China such as Shandong and Liaoning provinces.

[edit] Tongbei Throughout the World

Today, the traditional style is kept alive through the efforts of practitioners throughout northern China, particularly by small groups throughout Beijing, Shandong, and Liaoning. There are also both groups throughout North America and Europe. Its contemporary wushu variant can also be found throughout the world.