Tobacco bowdlerization

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Tobacco bowdlerization occurs when a publisher or government agency expurgates a photograph, text, or video document to remove images and references to consuming tobacco products. It often occurs in conjunction with traditional restrictions on tobacco advertising, and is most commonly seen on works that are marketed towards children.

[edit] Famous incidents

  • In 1984, record label EMI used airbrushing techniques to remove a cigarette from the cover of Paul McCartney's re-released I Wanna Hold Your Hand.
  • In 1994, a US Postal Service stamp commemorating blues guitarist Robert Johnson used one of the few intact photographs of the musician, which happened to feature him smoking. Photo editing techniques were employed to remove the cigarette from his mouth.[1]
  • The 1998 NTSC video release of the Disney animated feature Melody Time in the United States removed several images of Pecos Bill smoking and rolling cigarettes. These scenes were left intact for the British PAL home video release.
  • In 1999, a US Postal Service again removed a cigarette from a photograph of artist Jackson Pollock for use in a stamp series.
  • The classic children's story Goodnight Moon featured a photograph of illustrator Clement Hurd smoking a cigarette on the back cover. In 2005, publishers HarperCollins used photo editing techniques to remove the cigarette from the photograph for the 60th anniversary reprint edition.[2]
  • In 2006, when releasing Capitol Albums Volume 2 record label EMI again removed images of The Beatles' bandmembers smoking on the cover art. Fans were quick to note that in removing the offending object, two of drummer Ringo Starr's fingers were removed as well. [3]
  • Turner Broadcasting received complaints about smoking scenes in the classic MGM cartoon Tom & Jerry, being rebroadcast on their Boomerang channel. In response, they announced that they would go through their library of cartoons and remove any scenes where smoking was "glamorized". [4]

[edit] Criticism and defense

Some historians and artists have criticized the process. When speaking of the Jackson Pollock US stamps, New York University professor Todd Gitlin compared the censorship to that used by communist regimes, saying "The communists used to airbrush inconvenient persons from photographs. Americans are airbrushing signs of inconvenient sins." Author Christopher Buckley also criticized the practice, claiming that the government was "tampering with cultural DNA". [5]

Others argue that the process is necessary to counteract the overt product placement and influence that the tobacco industry had in broadcasting circles. In 1998, in early hearings for the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement, it was divulged that large tobacco companies including R. J. Reynolds and Philip Morris had actively spent over 1 billion US dollars between 1972 and 1991 to get cigarettes in mainstream movies, and smoked by specific actors. The final settlement quotes the Institute of Medicine, who claim that these placements could be extremely effective on children.

[Tobacco] advertisements present images that appeal to children and youths and are seen and remembered by them. Concern has been expressed that while smoking may not have had an immediate effect on smoking uptake, they may increase susceptibility to smoking, which over time translates into behavior.

—Institute of Medicine[6]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Robert Johnson photobooth controversy. photobooth.net (03 2005). Retrieved on 26, 2007. Retrieved on 07 2007.
  2. ^ Wyatt, Edward (11 2005). 'Goodnight Moon', Smokeless Version. New York Times. Retrieved on 26, 2007. Retrieved on 07 2007.
  3. ^ Ringo Starr's fingers chopped off. NME (03 2006). Retrieved on 26, 2007. Retrieved on 07 2007.
  4. ^ Cavanaugh, Tim (08 2006). Toons go smokeless. Reason Magazine. Retrieved on 26, 2007. Retrieved on 07 2007.
  5. ^ Artist's Cigarette Stamped Out. New York Times (02 1999). Retrieved on 26, 2007. Retrieved on 07 2007.
  6. ^ Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement Summary. Office of the Attorney General, State of California. Retrieved on 26, 2007. Retrieved on 07 2007.