User:Timothy Perper/International

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[edit] Manga in International Context

The influence of manga on international cartooning has grown considerably in the last two decades.[1][2] Influence refers to effects on comics markets outside of Japan and to aesthetic effects on comics artists internationally.

[edit] Markets: United States

Manga were introduced only gradually into US markets, first in association with anime and then independently.[3] Some US fans were aware of manga in the 1970s and early 1980s.[4] However, anime was initially more accessible than manga to US fans,[5] many of whom were college-age young people who found it easier to obtain, subtitle and exhibit video tapes of anime than translate, reproduce, and distribute tankobon-style manga books.[3][6][7] One of the first manga translated into English and marketed in the US was Keiji Nakazawa's Barefoot Gen, an autobiographical story of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima issued by Leonard Rifas and Educomics (1980-1983).[8][9] More manga were translated between the mid-1980s and 1990s, including Golgo 13 in 1986, Lone Wolf and Cub from First Comics in 1987, and Kamui, Area 88, and Mai the Psychic Girl, also in 1987 and all from Viz/Eclipse Comics.[10][11] Others soon followed, including Akira from Marvel Comics/Epic Comics and Appleseed from Eclipse Comics in 1988, and later Iczer-1 (Antarctic Press, 1994)[12] and Ippongi Bang's F-111 Bandit (Antarctic Press, 1995).[13]


In the 1980s to the mid-1990s, Japanese animation, like Akira, Dragonball, Ghost in the Shell, Neon Genesis Evangelion, and Pokémon, dominated the fan experience and the market compared to manga.[7][14][15] Matters changed when translator/entrpreneur Toren Smith founded Studio Proteus in 1986. Smith and Studio Proteus acted as an agent and translator of many Japanese manga, including Masamune Shirow's Appleseed and Kosuke Fujishima's Oh My Goddess, for Dark Horse and Eros Comix, eliminating the need for these publishers to seek their own contacts in Japan.[16][17] Simultaneously, the Japanese publisher Shogakukan opened a US market initiative with their US subsidiary Viz, enabling Viz to draw directly on Shogakukan’s catalogue and translation skills.[11]


The US manga market took an upturn with mid-1990s anime and manga versions of Masamune Shirow's Ghost in the Shell, translated by Frederik L. Schodt and Toren Smith and becoming very popular among fans.[18] Another success of the mid-1990s was Sailor Moon.[19][20] By 1995-1998, the Sailor Moon manga had been exported to over 23 countries, including China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, most of Europe and North America.[21] In 1998, Mixx Entertainment/TokyoPop issued US manga book versions of Sailor Moon and CLAMP's Magic Knight Rayearth.[22] In 1996, Mixx Entertainment founded TokyoPop to publish manga in trade paperbacks and, like Viz, began aggressive marketing of manga to both young male and young female demographics.[15][23]


In the following years, manga became increasingly popular, and new publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly expanded their catalogues.[24] As of December 2007, at least 15 US manga publishers have released some 1300-1400 titles.[25] Simultaneously, mainstream US media began to discuss manga, with articles in the New York Times,[26] Time Magazine,[27] the Wall Street Journal,[28] and Wired Magazine.[1] As of the end of 2007, manga is a major component of the US comics market.

[edit] Markets: Europe and the UK

The influence of manga on European cartooning is somewhat different than US experience. French art has borrowed from Japan since the 19th century (Japonisme[29]), and has its own highly developed tradition of Bande Dessinée cartooning.[30] In France, imported manga has easily been assimilated into high art traditions. For example, Volumes 6 and 7 of Yu Aida’s Gunslinger Girl center on a cyborg girl, a former ballet dancer named Petruchka. The Asuka edition of Volume 7 contains an essay about the ballet Petruchka by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky and first performed in Paris in 1911.[31] However, Francophone readership of manga is not limited to an artistic elite. Instead, beginning in the mid-1990s,[32] manga has proven very popular to a wide readership, accounting for about one-third of comics sales in France since 2004.[32][33] European publishers marketing manga translated into French include Asuka,[34] Casterman,[35] Kana,[36][37] and Pika,[38] among others.[32][39] European publishers also translate manga into German,[40][41] Italian,[42][43] Spanish,[44][45] and Dutch,[46] and other languages.[47] Manga publishers based in the United Kingdom include Orionbooks/Gollancz[48] and Titan Books.[49][50] US manga publishers have a strong marketing presence in the UK, e.g., the Tanoshimi line from Random House.[51]

[edit] Aesthetic Influences on Cartooning in the US and France

A number of US artists have drawn comics and cartoons influenced by manga. An early example was Vernon Grant, who drew manga-influenced comics while living in Japan in the late 1960s-early 1970s.[52] Others include Frank Miller’s mid-1980s Ronin,[53] William Warren and Toren Smith's 1988 The Dirty Pair,[54] Ben Dunn's 1993 Ninja High School,[55][56] Stan Sakai’s 1984 Usagi Yojimbo,[57] and Manga Shi 2000 from Crusade Comics (1997).[58][59]


By the 21st Century, several US manga publishers began to produce work by US artists under the broad marketing label of manga.[60] In 2002, I.C.Entertainment, formerly Studio Ironcat and now out of business, launched a series of manga by US artists called Amerimanga.[61] Seven Seas Entertainment followed suit with World Manga.[62] Simultaneously, TokyoPop introduced original English-language manga or "OEL" manga, later renamed Global Manga.[63][64] TokyoPop is currently the largest US publisher of original English language manga.[65][66][67]


Francophone artists have also developed their own versions of manga, like Frédéric Boilet's la nouvelle manga.[68] Boilet has worked in France and in Japan, sometimes collaborating with Japanese artists.[69][70] A Francophone Canadian example is the Montréal, Québec based artists' group MUSEBasement, which draws manga-style artwork.[71]

[edit] International Manga Award

In May 2007, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced an international prize for manga of non-Japanese origin. The prize was awarded in late June 2007, with Hong Kong artist Lee Chi Ching winning first place. Runner ups were artists from Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Australia.[72][73]


  1. ^ a b Pink, Daniel H. 2007. "Japan, Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex." Wired Magazine, Issue 15.11, October 22. http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/15-11/ff_manga "Japanese comics have gripped the global imagination," first page. Accessed 2007-12-19.
  2. ^ Wong, Wendy (No Date) "The Presence of Manga in Europe and North America." http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20070913_76_121564.html Accessed 2007-12-19.
  3. ^ a b Patten, Fred 2004 Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge. ISBN 1880656922.
  4. ^ In 1987, "...Japanese comics were more legendary than accessible to American readers", Patten, op. cit., p. 259.
  5. ^ For video-centered fan culture, see Susan J. Napier 2000 "Anime: From Akira to Princess Mononoke." NY:Palgrave. Appendix, pp. 239-256 (ISBN 0-312-23863-0) and Jonathan Clements & Helen McCarthy 2006 "The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917, Revised and Expanded Edition." Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press, pp. 475-476 (ISBN 1-933330-10-4).
  6. ^ Schodt, 1996. op. cit., chapter 7, pp. 305-340.
  7. ^ a b Leonard, Sean. 2003. "Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation." http://web.mit.edu/seantek/www/papers/progress-columns.pdf Accessed 2007-12-19.
  8. ^ Schodt, 1996. op. cit., pp. 309.
  9. ^ Rifas, Leonard. 2004. "Globalizing Comic Books from Below: How Manga Came to America." International Journal of Comic Art, 6(2):138-171.
  10. ^ Patten, op. cit., pp. 37, 259-260.
  11. ^ a b Thompson, Jason. 2007. "Manga: The Complete Guide." NY: Ballantine Books. p. xv.
  12. ^ http://www.animanga.com/Iczer/golden-warrior.html Accessed 2007-12-19.
  13. ^ Bang, Ippongi. 1995. "F-III Bandit." San Antonio, TX:Antarctic Press.
  14. ^ Patten, op. cit., pp. 52-73.
  15. ^ a b Farago, Andrew, 2007. Interview: Jason Thompson. http://www.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=697&Itemid=70 Accessed 2007-12-19.
  16. ^ Schodt, 1996, op. cit., pp. 318-321.
  17. ^ Gilman, Michael. (No Date.) "Interview: Toren Smith." http://www.darkhorse.com/news/interviews.php?id=622 Accessed 2007-12-19.
  18. ^ Of 2918 respondents, 2008 ranked the anime as either Masterpiece, Excellent, or Very Good (http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=465). Of 178 respondents, 142 ranked the manga as either Masterpiece, Excellent, or Very Good (http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/manga.php?id=1590). See also Mays, Jonathan. February 21, 2003. Review: Ghost in the Shell. http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/ghost-in-the-shell/dvd. Accessed 2007-12-16.
  19. ^ Patten., op. cit., pp. 50, 110, 124, 128, 135.
  20. ^ Arnold, Adam. 2000. "Full Circle: The Unofficial History of MixxZine." http://www.animefringe.com/magazine/00.06/feature/1/index.php3 Accessed 2007-12-19.
  21. ^ Schodt, 1996, op. cit., p. 95.
  22. ^ For the date and identification of the publisher as Mixx, see library records at http://www.lib.msu.edu/comics/rri/mrri/mixi.htm Accessed 2007-12-19.
  23. ^ "Tangerine Dreams: Guide to Shoujo Manga and Anime" April 14, 2005. http://tangerine.astraldream.net/tokyopop.html Accessed 2007-12-19.
  24. ^ Schodt, 1996, op. cit., pp. 308-319.
  25. ^ The 1300-1400 number is an actual count from two different sources on the web. One is the web manga vendor Anime Castle, which, by actual count, lists 1315 different manga graphic novel titles (a "title" may have multiple volumes, like the 28 volumes of Lone Wolf and Cub).(http://www.animecastle.com/c-18291-graphic-novels-manga.aspx) This list contains some Korean manga and some OEL manga. The second source is Anime News Newtork, which lists manga publishers plus titles they have published. The total for US manga publishers comes to 1290 by actual count, including some Korean and OEL manga.(http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/company.php) Anime Castle lists another 91 adult graphic novel manga titles.(http://www.animecastle.com/c-18307-mature-adult-Graphic-novels.aspx) Websites accessed December 16-17, 2007.
  26. ^ Glazer, Sarah. 2005. "Manga for Girls." The New York Times, September 18. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/books/review/18glazer.html Accessed 2007-12-19.
  27. ^ Masters, Coco. 2006. "America is Drawn to Manga." Time Magazine, Thursday, Aug. 10.
  28. ^ Bosker, Bianca. 2007. "Manga Mania." Wall Street Journal, Aug. 31. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118851157811713921.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Accessed 2007-12-19.
  29. ^ Berger, Klaus. 1992. Japonisme in Western Painting from Whistler to Matisse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521373212
  30. ^ http://www.bande-dessinee.org/ Accessed 2007-12-19
  31. ^ Massé, Rodolphe. 2006. "La musique dans Gunslinger Girl." In Gunslinger Girl, Volume 7, pp. 178-179. Paris: Asuka Éditions.
  32. ^ a b c http://home.comcast.net/~mahousu/editeurs.html Accessed 2007-12-19.
  33. ^ http://www.cafebabel.com/en/dossierprintversion.asp?Id=362 Accessed 2007-12-19.
  34. ^ http://www.asuka.fr/ Accessed 2007-12-19.
  35. ^ http://bd.casterman.com/ Accessed 2007-12-19.
  36. ^ Kana is an imprint of Dargaud-Lombard. http://www.mangakana.com/main.cfm Accessed 2007-12-19.
  37. ^ http://www.mangakana.com/Univers.Series.cfm?Main=1 Accessed 2007-12-19.
  38. ^ http://www.pika.fr/ Accessed 2007-12-19.
  39. ^ http://www.protoculture.ca/Catalog/mangaf.htm Accessed 2007-12-19.
  40. ^ http://www.carlsen.de/web/manga/index Accessed 2007-12-19.
  41. ^ http://www.manganet.de/ Accessed 2007-12-19.
  42. ^ Planet Manga, an imprint of Panini; http://www.paninicomics.it/Titolo.jsp Accessed 2007-12-19.
  43. ^ http://www.starcomics.com/uscite.php?tipo=manga Accessed 2007-12-19.
  44. ^ http://www.planetadeagostinicomics.com/manga.asp Accessed 2007-12-19.
  45. ^ http://www.ponentmon.com/new_pages/english/princ.html Accessed 2007-12-19.
  46. ^ Wolf, T. 2006 (March 8). "Anime and Manga players in the Dutch market." http://dutch-anime-manga.blogspot.com/2006/03/anime-and-manga-players-in-dutch.html Accessed 2007-12-19.
  47. ^ For example, Danish: http://www.mangismo.com/dk/default.asp?page=serier Accessed 2007-12-19.
  48. ^ http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/browse-list-Manga/Manga-Books-and-Authors.htm Accessed 2007-12-19.
  49. ^ http://forums.animeuknews.net/viewtopic.php?t=6282 Accessed 2007-12-19.
  50. ^ http://www.uksfbooknews.net/2007/03/28/new-manga-range-from-titan-books-launching-in-april/print/ Accessed 2007-12-19.
  51. ^ http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/tanoshimi/catalogue.htm Accessed 2007-12-19.
  52. ^ Stewart, Bhob. "Screaming Metal," The Comics Journal, no. 94, October, 1984.
  53. ^ http://www.grovel.org.uk/ronin/ Accessed 2007-12-19.
  54. ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/the-dirty-pair/run-from-the-future Accessed 2007-12-19.
  55. ^ http://bendunnmangaartist.100megs24.com/index.php?id=home&content=nhs/nhs Accessed 2007-12-19.
  56. ^ http://www.atomicavenue.com/atomic/TitleDetail.aspx?TitleID=177 Accessed 2007-12-19.
  57. ^ http://www.usagiyojimbo.com/ Accessed 2007-12-19.
  58. ^ Mishkin, Orfalas, and Asencio 1997 "Manga Shi 2000." Rego Park, NY: Crusade Comics. The artists are not further identified.
  59. ^ http://www.crusadefinearts.com/news/20051130definitiveshi.php. The artwork is attributed to William Tucci. Accessed 2007-12-19.
  60. ^ Tai, Elizabeth. September 23, 2007. "Manga outside Japan." http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2007/9/23/lifebookshelf/18898783&sec=lifebookshelf Accessed 2007-12-19.
  61. ^ Anime News Network. November 11, 2002. "I.C. Entertainment (formerly Ironcat) to launch anthology of Manga by American artists". http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-11-27/i.c-promotes-amerimanga Accessed 2007-12-19.
  62. ^ Anime News Network. May 10, 2006. "Correction: World Manga". http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-10/correction-world-manga. Seven Seas claimed to have coined the term in 2004; Forbes, Jake. (No date). "What is World Manga?" http://www.gomanga.com/news/features_gomanga_002.php Accessed 2007-12-19.
  63. ^ Anime News Network. May 5, 2006. "Tokyopop To Move Away from OEL and World Manga Labels." http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-05/tokyopop-to-move-away-from-oel-and-world-manga-labels. Accessed 2007-12-19.
  64. ^ Gravett, Paul. 2006. "ORIGINAL MANGA: MANGA NOT 'MADE IN JAPAN'." http://www.paulgravett.com/articles/092_originalmanga/092_originalmanga.htm. Accessed 2007-12-19.
  65. ^ ICv2. September 7, 2007. Interview with Tokyopop's Mike Kiley, http://www.icv2.com/articles/home/11249.html (part1), http://www.icv2.com/articles/home/11250.html (part2), http://www.icv2.com/articles/home/11251.html (part3). Accessed 2007-12-19.
  66. ^ Robofish. (no date). "Manga, American-style." http://www.tokyopop.com/Robofish/insidetp/688417.html Accessed 2007-12-19.
  67. ^ Reid, Calvin. March 28, 2006. HarperCollins, "Tokyopop Ink Manga Deal." http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6319467.html Accessed 2007-12-19.
  68. ^ http://www.boilet.net/yukiko/yukiko.html Accessed 2007-12-19.
  69. ^ Boilet, Frédéric. 2001. "Yukiko's Spinach." Castalla-Alicante, Spain: Ponent Mon. ISBN 84-933-0934-6.
  70. ^ Boilet, Frédéric and Kan Takahama. 2004. "Mariko Parade." Castalla-Alicante, Spain: Ponent Mon. ISBN 84-933409-1-X.
  71. ^ http://www.musebasement.com/about.php Accessed 2007-12-19.
  72. ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-05-22/international-manga-award Accessed 2007-12-19.
  73. ^ http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/6/1174276_828.html Accessed 2007-12-19.