Timothy Leary

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For the American baseball player, see Tim Leary (baseball).
Timothy Leary

Born October 22, 1920(1920-10-22)
Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died May 31, 1996 (aged 75)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Nationality American
Occupation Scientist
Author
Employers UC Berkeley
Kaiser Family Foundation
Harvard
Known for Psychedelic drug research
Spouse Marianne Busch (1945-1955)
Mary Della Cioppa (1956-1957)
Nena Thurman (1964-1965)
Rosemary Woodruff (1967-1976)
Barbara Chase (1978-1992)

Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American writer, psychologist, futurist, modern pioneer and advocate of psychedelic drug research and use, and one of the first people whose remains have been sent into space. An icon of 1960s counterculture, Leary is most famous as a proponent of the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of LSD. He coined and popularized the catch phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out."

Contents

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early life

Leary was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, an only child[1] of an Irish American dentist who abandoned the family when Leary was 13. He graduated from Springfield's Classical High School. Leary attended three different colleges and was disciplined at each.[1] He studied for two years at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. Leary received a bachelor's degree in psychology at the University of Alabama in 1943. An obituary of Leary in the New York Times said he had a "discipline problem" there as well, but that he "finally earned his bachelor's degree in the U. S. Army during World War II,"[1] when he served as a sergeant in the Medical Corps. Leary dropped out of the class of 1943 at The United States Military Academy at West Point. He received a master's degree at Washington State University in 1946, and a Ph.D. in psychology at the University of California, Berkeley in 1950[2]. The title of Leary's Ph.D. dissertation was, "The Social Dimensions of Personality: Group Structure and Process." He went on to become an Assistant Professor at Berkeley (1950-1955), a director of psychiatric research at the Kaiser Family Foundation (1955-1958), and a lecturer in psychology at Harvard University (1959-1963). He was officially expelled from the faculty of Harvard for failing to conduct his scheduled class lectures; however, his contribution to the spreading popularity of then-legal psychedelic substances among Harvard students due to his research and other activities played a large part in the move to dismiss him.

Leary's early work in psychology continued the exploration by such pioneers as Dr. Harry Stack Sullivan, Dr. Karen Horney, Sam Biglari, and others, of the importance of interpersonal forces to mental health. Dr. Leary specifically focused on how the interpersonal process might be used to diagnose personality patterns or disorders. He developed a complex and respected interpersonal circumplex model, published in The Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality, that offered a means by which psychologists could use MMPI scores to quickly determine a respondent's characteristic interpersonal modes of reaction. It is a credit to the robustness of his ideas that circumplex models continue to figure prominently in interpersonal research. [3]

In 1955, his first wife, Marianne, committed suicide, leaving him to become a single parent to his son and daughter.[1] Before his first experiments with mushrooms, Leary described his life of 35 years disparagingly, writing that he had been "an anonymous institutional employee who drove to work each morning in a long line of commuter cars and drove home each night and drank martinis . . . like several million middle-class, liberal, intellectual robots."[3][4]

[edit] Psychedelic experiments and experiences

On May 13, 1957, Life magazine published an article by R. Gordon Wasson that documented (and popularized) the use of psilocybin mushrooms in the religious ceremony of the indigenous Mazatec people of Mexico.[5] Anthony Russo, a colleague of Leary's, had recently taken this psychedelic (or entheogenic) Psilocybe mexicana during a trip to Mexico, and related the experience to Leary. In August 1960,[6] Leary traveled to the Mexican city of Cuernavaca with Russo and tried psilocybin mushrooms for the first time, an experience that drastically altered the course of his life (Ram Dass Fierce Grace, 2001, Zeitgeist Video). In 1965, Leary commented that he "learned more about... (his) brain and its possibilities... (and) more about psychology in the five hours after taking these mushrooms than... (he) had in the preceding fifteen years of studying doing [sic] research in psychology." (Ram Dass Fierce Grace, 2001, Zeitgeist Video).

Upon his return to Harvard that fall, Leary and his associates, notably Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass), began a research program known as the Harvard Psilocybin Project. The goal was to analyze the effects of psilocybin on human subjects (in this case, prisoners and later students of the Andover Newton Theological Seminary) using a synthesized version of the then-legal drug—one of two active compounds found in a wide variety of hallucinogenic mushrooms including Psilocybe mexicana. The compound was produced according to a recipe developed by research chemist Albert Hofmann of Sandoz Pharmaceuticals.

Leary argued that psychedelics, used with the right dosage, set and setting, and with the guidance of psychology professionals, could alter behavior in unprecedented and beneficial ways. The goals of Leary's research included finding better ways to treat alcoholism and to reform convicted criminals. Many of Leary's research participants reported profound mystical and spiritual experiences, which they claim permanently altered their lives in a very positive manner. According to Leary's autobiography, Flashbacks, they administered LSD to 300 professors, graduate students, writers and philosophers, and 75 percent of them reported it as being like a revelation to them and one of the most educational experiences of their lives.[citation needed]

In the Concord Prison experiment, they administered psilocybin to prisoners, and after being guided through the trips by Leary and his associates, 36 prisoners allegedly turned their backs on crime. The normal recidivism rate of prisoners is about 80 percent, but of the subjects involved in the project, about 80 percent did not return to prison, i.e. a 20 percent recidivism rate. However, the results of this experiment have been largely contested by a follow-up study, citing several problems, including differences in the length of time after release that the study group versus the control group, and other methodology factors, including the difference between subjects re-incarcerated for parole violations versus those imprisoned for new crimes. This study concluded that only a statistically slight improvement could be shown (as opposed to the radical improvement originally reported). In his interview within the study, Leary expressed that the major lesson of the Concord Prison experiment was that the key to a long-term reduction in overall recidivism rates might be the combination of the pre-release administration of psilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy with a comprehensive post-release follow-up program modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous groups to offer support to the released prisoners. The study concluded that whether a new program of psilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy and post-release programs would significantly reduce recidivism rates is an empirical question that deserves to be addressed within the context of a new experiment.[7]

Leary and Alpert founded the International Foundation for Internal Freedom in 1962 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This was run by Lisa Bieberman (now known as Licia Kuenning), a protegé of Leary and one of his many lovers. Around this time, their Harvard colleagues grew uneasy about their research, and about the rumors and complaints (some by parents of students) that had reached the university administration about Leary and Alpert's alleged distribution of hallucinogens to their students.[citation needed] To further complicate matters, their research attracted a great deal of public attention. As a result, many people wanted to participate in the experiments, but were unable to do so because of the high demand. In order to satisfy the curiosity of those who were turned away, a black market for psychedelics developed near the Harvard University Campus (Weil, 1963).

According to biographer Robert Greenfield, in May 1963, Leary and Alpert were dismissed from Harvard after college authorities alleged that undergraduates had shared in the researchers' drugs.[8] According to Andrew Weil, Leary was fired for not showing up to his lecture classes (while Alpert was fired for allegedly giving psilocybin to an undergraduate in an off campus apartment) (Weil, 1963). This version is supported by the words of Harvard President Nathan M. Pusey, who, regarding Leary's termination, released the following statement on May 27, 1963: "On May 6, 1963, the Harvard Corporation voted, because Timothy F. Leary, lecturer on clinical psychology, has failed to keep his classroom appointments and has absented himself from Cambridge without permission, to relieve him from further teaching duty and to terminate his salary as of April 30, 1963" (New York Times, 03/12/1966, p. 25).

Leary's activities interested siblings Peggy, Billy and Tommy Hitchcock, heirs to the Mellon fortune, who in 1963 helped Leary and his associates acquire the use of a rambling mansion on an estate in the town of Millbrook (near Poughkeepsie, New York), where they continued their experiments.[8] Leary later wrote: "We saw ourselves as anthropologists from the twenty-first century inhabiting a time module set somewhere in the dark ages of the 1960s. On this space colony we were attempting to create a new paganism and a new dedication to life as art." (Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream (1998) by Jay Stevens, p. 208)

Later, the Millbrook estate was described as "the headquarters of Leary and gang for the better part of five years, a period filled with endless parties, epiphanies and breakdowns, emotional dramas of all sizes, and numerous raids and arrests, many of them led by the local assistant district attorney, G. Gordon Liddy."[8][citation needed] Others contest this characterization of the Millbrook estate; for instance, in his book, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, Tom Wolfe portrays Leary as only interested in research, and not using psychedelics merely for recreational purposes. According to "The Crypt Trip" chapter of Wolfe's book, when Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters visited the residence, the Pranksters did not even see Leary, who was engaged in a three-day trip. According to Wolfe, Leary's group even refused to give the Pranksters acid.

In 1964, Leary co-authored a book with Alpert and Ralph Metzner called The Psychedelic Experience, based upon the Tibetan Book of the Dead. In it, they wrote:

“ A psychedelic experience is a journey to new realms of consciousness. The scope and content of the experience is limitless, but its characteristic features are the transcendence of verbal concepts, of space-time dimensions, and of the ego or identity. Such experiences of enlarged consciousness can occur in a variety of ways: sensory deprivation, yoga exercises, disciplined meditation, religious or aesthetic ecstasies, or spontaneously. Most recently they have become available to anyone through the ingestion of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, etc. Of course, the drug does not produce the transcendent experience. It merely acts as a chemical key—it opens the mind, frees the nervous system of its ordinary patterns and structures. ”

Repeated FBI raids ended the Millbrook era. Regarding a 1966 raid by G. Gordon Liddy, Leary told author and Prankster Paul Krassner: "He was a government agent entering our bedroom at midnight. We had every right to shoot him. But I've never owned a weapon in my life. I have never had and never will have a gun around."

On September 19, 1966, Leary founded the League for Spiritual Discovery, a religion declaring LSD as its holy sacrament, in part as an unsuccessful attempt to maintain legal status for the use of LSD and other psychedelics for the religion's adherents, based on a "freedom of religion" argument. (Although The Brotherhood of Eternal Love would subsequently consider Leary their spiritual leader, The Brotherhood did not evolve out of IFIF International Foundation for Internal Freedom.) On October 6, 1966, LSD was made illegal in the United States and controlled so strictly that not only were possession and recreational use criminalized, but all legal scientific research programs on the drug in the US were shut down as well.

During late 1966 and early 1967, Leary toured college campuses presenting a multi-media performance called "The Death of the Mind," which attempted to artistically replicate the LSD experience. Leary said the League for Spiritual Discovery was limited to 360 members and was already at its membership limit, but he encouraged others to form their own psychedelic religions. He published a pamphlet in 1967 called Start Your Own Religion, to encourage people to do so (see below under "writings").

On January 14, 1967, Leary spoke at the Human Be-In, a gathering of 30,000 hippies in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco and uttered his famous phrase, "Turn on, tune in, drop out." The phrase came to him in the shower one day after Marshall McLuhan suggested to Leary that he should come up with "something snappy" to promote the benefits of LSD.[1]

At some point in the late 1960s, Leary moved to California. He made a number of friends in Hollywood. "When he married his third wife, Rosemary Woodruff in 1967, the event was directed by Ted Markland of 'Bonanza.' All the guests were on acid."[1]

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Leary (in collaboration with the writer Brian Barritt) formulated his circuit model of consciousness, in which he claimed that the human mind/nervous system consisted of seven circuits which, when activated, produce seven levels of consciousness (this model was first published as the short essay, 'The Seven Tongues of God'). The system soon expanded to include an eighth circuit; this version was first unveiled to the world in the rare 1973 pamphlet Neurologic (written with Joanna Leary while he was in prison), but was not exhaustively formulated until the publication of Exo-Psychology (by Leary) and in Robert Anton Wilson's Cosmic Trigger in 1977. Wilson contributed significantly to the model after befriending Leary in the early 70s, and has used it as a framework for further exposition in his book Prometheus Rising, among other works.

Leary believed that the first four of these circuits ("the Larval Circuits" or "Terrestrial Circuits") are naturally accessed by most people in their lifetimes, triggered at natural transition points in life, such as puberty. The second four circuits ("the Stellar Circuits" or "Extra-Terrestrial Circuits"), Leary claimed, were evolutionary off-shoots of the first four that would be triggered at transition points that we will have when we evolve further, and would equip us to encompass life in space, as well as the expansion of consciousness that would be necessary to make further scientific and social progress. Leary suggested that some people may "shift to the latter four gears" (i.e. trigger these circuits artificially) by utilizing consciousness-altering techniques such as meditation and spiritual endeavors such as yoga, or by taking psychedelic drugs specific to each circuit. An example of the information Leary cited as evidence for the purpose of the "higher" four circuits was the feeling of floating and uninhibited motion experienced by users of marijuana. In the eight circuit model of consciousness, a primary theoretical function of the fifth circuit (the first of the four developed for life in outer space) is to allow humans to become accustomed to life in a zero or low gravity environment.

[edit] Trouble with the law

DEA agents Don Strange (right) and Howard Safir (left) arrest Leary in 1972
DEA agents Don Strange (right) and Howard Safir (left) arrest Leary in 1972

Leary's first run in with the law came on December 20, 1965. During a border crossing from Mexico into the United States, his daughter was caught with marijuana. After taking responsibility for the controlled substance, Leary was convicted of possession under the Marihuana Tax Act on 11 March 1966, and sentenced to 30 years in jail, given a $30,000 fine and ordered to undergo psychiatric treatment. Soon after, however, he appealed the case, claiming the Marihuana Tax Act was, in fact, unconstitutional, as it required a degree of self-incrimination. Leary claimed this was in stark violation of the Fifth Amendment. On December 26, 1968, Leary was arrested again, this time for the possession of two roaches of marijuana, which Leary claimed were planted by the arresting officer. He was later convicted of this offense. On 19 May 1969, The Supreme Court concurred with Leary. The Marihuana Tax Act was declared unconstitutional, and his 1965 conviction was quashed. The case was known as Leary v. United States. On the day his conviction was overturned, Leary announced his candidacy for Governor of California, running against Ronald Reagan. His campaign slogan was "Come together, join the party." On 1 June 1969, Leary joined John Lennon and Yoko Ono at their Montreal Bed-In and Lennon subsequently wrote Leary a campaign song called "Come Together."

On 21 January 1970, Leary received a ten-year sentence for his 1968 offense. When Leary arrived in prison, he was given psychological tests that were used to assign inmates to appropriate work details. Having designed many of the tests himself (including the "Leary Interpersonal Behavior Test"), Leary answered them in such a way that he seemed to be a very conforming, conventional person with a great interest in forestry and gardening.[9] As a result, Leary was assigned to work as a gardener in a lower security prison, and in September 1970 he escaped. Leary claimed his non-violent escape was a humorous prank, and left a challenging note for the authorities to find after he was gone. For a fee, paid by The Brotherhood of Eternal Love, the Weathermen smuggled Leary and his wife, Rosemary Woodruff Leary, out of the United States and into Algeria. He sought the patronage of Eldridge Cleaver and the remnants of the separatist USA Black Panther party’s "government in exile." After staying with them for a short time, Leary claimed that Cleaver attempted to hold him and his wife hostage.

In 1971, the couple fled to Switzerland, "where they were sheltered and effectively imprisoned by a large-living arms dealer, Michel Hauchard, who claimed he had an 'obligation as a gentleman to protect philosophers,' but mostly had a film deal in mind."(Luc Sante, New York Times Book Review, June 24, 2006) In 1972, President Richard Nixon's attorney general, John Mitchell, persuaded the Swiss government to imprison Leary, which it did for a month, but the Swiss refused to extradite him back to the U.S. In that same year, Leary and Rosemary separated. After a brief spell with heroin addiction,[citation needed] Leary became involved with French-born socialite Joanna Harcourt-Smith. Leary "married" Harcourt-Smith in a pseudo-occult ceremony[citation needed] at a hotel two weeks after they were first introduced; she would use his surname until their breakup in early 1977. They traveled to Vienna, then Beirut and finally went to Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1973. "Afghanistan had no extradition treaty with the United States, but this stricture did not apply to American airliners," Luc Sante wrote in a review of a biography of Leary. That interpretation of the law was used by U.S. authorities to capture the fugitive. "Before Leary could deplane, he was arrested by an agent of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs."[8]

At a layover in the United Kingdom, as Leary was being flown back to the United States, he requested political asylum from Her Majesty's Government, but to no avail. He was then held on five million dollars bail ($21.5 mil. in 2006), the highest in U.S. history to that point;[citation needed] President Richard Nixon had earlier labeled him "the most dangerous man in America."[1] The judge at his remand hearing remarked, "If he is allowed to travel freely, he will speak publicly and spread his ideas."[10] Facing a total of 95 years in prison, Leary was put into solitary confinement in Folsom Prison, California, where at one point he was in a cell immediately adjacent to Charles Manson.[11]

Leary made somewhat of a pretense of cooperating with the FBI's investigation of the Weathermen and radical attorneys, by giving them information they wanted that he knew they already had or would have very little consequence. In a perceived attempt at character assassination, the FBI through deliberate deception spread disinformation about Leary having become an "informant" under the codename Charlie Thrush, implicating friends and helpers in exchange for a reduced sentence.[citation needed] Leary would later claim, and members of the Weathermen would later support, that no one was ever prosecuted based on any information he gave to the FBI (as noted in an Open Letter from the Friends of Timothy Leary:

“ The Weather Underground, the radical left organization responsible for his escape, was not impacted by his testimony. Histories written about the Weather Underground usually mention the Leary chapter in terms of the escape for which they proudly took credit. Leary sent information to the Weather Underground through a sympathetic prisoner that he was considering making a deal with the FBI and waited for their approval. The return message was "we understand." ”

Many of his oldest friends, including Ken Kesey, Paul Krassner, Allen Ginsberg, Jerry Rubin and Ram Dass, were openly contemptuous of Harcourt-Smith and felt that, in the words of Krassner, she had "led him by his dick."[citation needed] These sentiments were echoed at a rally against the "new" Leary organized by Kesey at Stanford University.[citation needed]

While imprisoned Leary remained a productive writer, sowing the seeds for his incarnation as a futurist lecturer with the StarSeed Series. In Starseed (1973), neurologic (1973), & Terra II: A Way Out (1974), Leary transitioned from Eastern philosophy and Aleister Crowley to a belief that outer space was a medium for spiritual transcendence as his principal frame of reference. Neurologic also added the idea of "time dilation/contraction" available to the activated brain through the cellular, DNA, or atomic level of reality. Terra II is his first detailed proposal for space colonization. Leary’s muse peaked with Exo – Psychology, Neuropolitics, and The Intelligence Agents.

[edit] Leary's last two decades

Leary was released from prison on April 21, 1976, by Governor Jerry Brown. After briefly relocating to San Diego, Leary established residence in Laurel Canyon and continued to write books and appear as a lecturer and (by his own terminology) "stand up philosopher." In 1978, Leary married filmmaker Barbara Blum, also known as Barbara Chase, sister of actress Tanya Roberts. Leary adopted Blum's son and raised him as his own. Leary and Blum divorced in 1992.

Leary cultivated a friendship with former foe G. Gordon Liddy, the notorious Watergate burglar and conservative radio talk-show host. They toured the lecture circuit in 1982 as ex-cons (Liddy having been imprisoned after high-level involvement in the Watergate scandal) debating about the soul of America. The tour generated massive publicity and considerable funds for both figures. Along with the personal appearances, a successful documentary called Return Engagement that chronicled the tour and the concurrent release of the[citation needed] autobiography, Flashbacks helped to return Leary to the spotlight.

While his stated ambition was eventually to cross over as a mainstream Hollywood personality, reluctant studios and sponsors ensured that that never occurred. Nonetheless, constant touring ensured that he was able to maintain a very comfortable lifestyle by the mid-1980s, while his colorful past made him a desirable guest at A-list parties throughout the decade. He also attracted a more intellectual crowd, which included John Frusciante (Leary appeared in Johnny Depp's and Gibby Haynes' 1994 film Stuff which showed the squalid conditions that Frusciante was living in at the time); Robert Anton Wilson; David Byrne; science fiction wunderkind William Gibson; and Norman Spinrad amongst its ranks.

While he continued to use drugs frequently on a private basis, rather than evangelizing and proselytizing the use of psychedelics as he had in the 1960s, the latter day Leary emphasized the importance of space colonization and an ensuring extension of the human lifespan while also providing a detailed explanation of the eight-circuit model of consciousness in books such as Info-Psychology, among several others. He adopted the acronym "SMI²LE" as a succinct summary of his pre-transhumanist agenda: SM (Space Migration) + I² (intelligence increase) + LE (Life extension).

Leary's colonization plan varied greatly throughout the years. Because he believed that he would soon migrate into space, Leary was opposed to the ecology movement. He dismissed many of Earth’s problems and labeled the entire field of ecology “a seductive dinosaur science.” Leary stated that only the “larval,” intellectually and philosophically backward humans, would choose to remain in “the fouled nest.” According to his initial plan to leave the planet, 5,000 of Earth's most virile and intelligent individuals would be launched on a vessel (Starseed 1) equipped with luxurious amenities. This idea was inspired by the plotline of Paul Kantner's concept album Blows Against The Empire, which in turn was derived from Robert A. Heinlein's Lazarus Long series. In the 1980s, he came to embrace NASA scientist Gerard O'Neill's more realistic and egalitarian plans to construct giant Eden-like High Orbital Mini-Earths (documented in the Robert Anton Wilson lecture H.O.M.E.s on LaGrange) using existing technology and raw materials from the Moon, orbital rock and obsolete satellites.

By the mid 1980s, Leary had begun to incorporate computers, the Internet, and virtual reality into his aegis of thought. Leary established one of the earliest sites on the World Wide Web, and was often quoted describing the Internet as "the LSD of the 1990s."[citation needed] He became a promoter of virtual reality systems,[12] and sometimes demonstrated a prototype of the Mattel Power Glove as part of his lectures (as in From Psychedelics to Cybernetics). Around this time he cultivated friendships with a number of notable people in the field, including Brenda Laurel, a pioneering researcher in virtual environments and human-computer interaction.

In 1989, Leary's eldest daughter, Susan, committed suicide after years of mental instability. After separating from Barbara Leary in 1992, Leary began to associate with a much younger, artistic and tech-savy crowd that included people as diverse as actors Johnny Depp, Susan Sarandon and Dan Aykroyd, and his granddaughters, Dieadra Martino and Sara Brown; grandson, Ashley Martino; stepson, Zach Chase; author Douglas Rushkoff, publisher Bob Guccione, Jr., and goddaughters: actress Winona Ryder and artist/music-photographer Hilary Hulteen. He was frequently spotted at raves with Psychic TV and alternative rock concerts (Ministry), including a memorable mosh pit experience at an early Smashing Pumpkins concert.[citation needed] In spite of his declining health, Leary maintained a regular schedule of public appearances through 1994.

From 1989 on, Leary had begun to reestablish his connection to non-mainstream religious movements with an interest in altered states of consciousness. In 1989 he appeared with friend and book collaborator Robert Anton Wilson in a dialog entitled The Inner Frontier for the Association for Consciousness Exploration, a Cleveland-based group that had been responsible for his first Cleveland, Ohio appearance in 1979. After that, he appeared at the Starwood Festival, a major Neo-Pagan event run by ACE, in 1992 and 1993[13] (though his planned 1994 WinterStar Symposium appearance was cancelled due to his declining health). In front of hundreds of Neo-Pagans in 1992, he declared, "I have always considered myself, when I learned what the word meant, I've always considered myself a Pagan." (Quote from CD: Timothy Leary Live at Starwood) He also collaborated with Eric Gullichsen on Load and Run High-tech Paganism: Digital Polytheism [4]

[edit] Death

etoy agents with mortal remains of Timothy Leary 2007
etoy agents with mortal remains of Timothy Leary 2007

In early 1995, Leary discovered that he was terminally ill with inoperable prostate cancer. He did not reveal the condition to the press upon diagnosis, but did so after the death of Jerry Garcia in August.

Leary authored an outline for a book called Design for Dying, which attempted to show people a new perspective of death and dying. Leary's de facto "family" — his staff of technophilic Gen Xers — updated his website on a daily basis as a sort of proto-blog, noting his daily intake of various illicit and legal chemical substances, with a predilection for nitrous oxide, cigarettes, his trademark "Leary Biscuits" (a snack cracker with cheese and a small marijuana bud, briefly microwaved), and eventually heroin and morphine. His sterile house was completely redecorated by the staff, who had more or less moved in, with an array of surreal ornamentation. In his final months, thousands of visitors, well wishers and old friends visited him in his California home. Until the final weeks of his illness, Leary gave many interviews discussing his new philosophy of embracing death.

Movie poster for Timothy Leary's Dead (a Paul Davids film). Universal Pictures. Designed by Mark Hanau
Movie poster for Timothy Leary's Dead (a Paul Davids film). Universal Pictures. Designed by Mark Hanau

For a number of years, Leary was reported to have been excited by the possibility of freezing his body in cryonic suspension. He did not believe that he would be resurrected in the future, but he recognized the importance of cryonic possibilities. He called it his "duty as a futurist," and helped publicize the process. Privately he dismissed cryonics as "a joke" and did not seem to regard the process with much seriousness. Leary had relationships with two cryonic organizations, the original ALCOR and then the offshoot CRYOCARE. A cryonic tank was delivered to Leary's house in the months before his death. However, Leary subsequently requested that his body be cremated, which it was, and distributed among his friends and family.

Leary's death was videotaped for posterity at his request, capturing his final words. During his final moments, he said, "Why not?" to his son Zachary. He uttered the phrase repeatedly, in different intonations, and died soon after. His last word, according to Zachary Leary, was "beautiful."

Leary's final moments also appear in the documentary, "Timothy Leary's Dead." (1996, IMDB) After remembrances are recorded among family and colleagues, Leary allows his bodily functions to be suspended for the purposes of cryonic preservation. Consistent with his embrace of the idea of donating himself to ongoing experiments in consciousness-- e.g., determining whether his consciousness could transcend his life, or moreover could be re-constituted after his death-- the film documents the experiment: Leary's head is removed and placed on ice.

Seven grams of Leary's ashes were arranged by his friend at Celestis to be buried in space aboard a rocket carrying the remains of 24 other people including Gene Roddenberry (creator of Star Trek), Gerard O'Neill (space physicist), Krafft Ehricke (rocket scientist), and others. A Pegasus rocket containing their remains was launched on April 21, 1997, and remained in orbit for six years until it burnt up in the atmosphere.

[edit] Influence on others

The Psychedelic Experience was the influence for John Lennon's song "Tomorrow Never Knows" on The Beatles' album Revolver. Leary once recruited John Lennon to write a theme song for his California gubernatorial campaign (which was interrupted by his prison sentence), inspiring Lennon to come up with "Come Together," based on Leary's theme and catchphrase for the campaign. Leary was also present when Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono recorded Give Peace A Chance during one of their bed-ins in Montreal and is mentioned in the lyrics of the song.

Leary was the explicit subject of The Moody Blues song "Legend of a Mind," which memorialized him with the words, "Timothy Leary's dead. No, no, no, no he's outside looking in" (a lyric later incorporated into the Bongwater's cover version of the Moody Blues song "Ride My Seesaw"). At first, Leary detested the line, but later found the sense of humor to adopt "Legend of a Mind" as his theme song when he hit the lecture circuit.

Leary, John Lennon, Yoko Ono, and others recording "Give Peace A Chance." Photo By Roy Kerwood
Leary, John Lennon, Yoko Ono, and others recording "Give Peace A Chance." Photo By Roy Kerwood

A number of other musical groups have admired and been influenced by Leary, including the progressive metal band Tool (who used one of his monologs to start the song Third Eye on their live album Salival), the metal band Nevermore, Marcy Playground, earlier works by Porcupine Tree, and new wave band Devo (Leary even appearing in one of their films). Recently a song has been written about Leary by the alternative rock band Guster in their 2007 release of Satellite EP. Nevermore mentions Leary in their lyrics, and titled one of their albums "The Politics of Ecstasy" (after Leary's book of the same name). Also, on Nevermore's self entitled album there is a song named "Timothy Leary". The Psychedelic Trance band Infected Mushroom uses a soundclip of Leary saying "Turn on, tune in, and drop out" in a song. Leary made a cameo appearance in "Stuff", a short film directed by Johnny Depp and Gibson Haynes about the Red Hot Chili Peppers guitar player John Frusciante. He also appears on "Gila Copter" from the Linger Ficken' Good album by the Revolting Cocks and also appears in the video for "Cracking Up". Leary also appears as the father in the Suicidal Tendencies video "Possessed to Skate". He is also mentioned in the song "The Seeker" by The Who: "I asked Timothy Leary/ But he couldn't help me either." He appears in Blind Melon's video "Galaxie" as a magician.

In the movie, The Ruling Class, the character, Jack Gurney (played by Peter O'Toole), who thinks he is Jesus, claims that the voice of "Timothy O'Leary" told him he was God (see film clip here). Leary also appeared in Cheech and Chong's Nice Dreams(1981) as a benevolent psychiatrist administering LSD to mental patients.

Timothy Leary's ideas also heavily influenced the work of Robert Anton Wilson. This influence went both ways and Leary admittedly took just as much from Wilson. Wilson's book Prometheus Rising was an in depth, highly detailed and inclusive work documenting Leary’s eight circuit model of consciousness. Although the theory originated in discussions between Leary and a Hindu holy man at Millbrook, Wilson was one of the most ardent proponents of it and introduced the theory to a mainstream audience in 1977's bestselling Cosmic Trigger. In 1989, they appeared together on stage in a dialog entitled The Inner Frontier[14] in Cleveland, Ohio hosted by the Association for Consciousness Exploration,[15] (the same group that had hosted Leary's first Cleveland appearance in 1979[16][17]). Wilson and Leary conversed a great deal on philosophical, political and futurist matters and became close friends who remained in contact through Leary's time in prison and up until his death. Wilson regarded Leary as a brilliant man and often is quoted as saying (paraphrase) "Leary had a great deal of 'hilaritose', the type of cheer and good humour by which it was said you could recognise a deity". Al Jourgensen of Ministry, who produced and performed on the album "Beyond Life With Timothy Leary", also cites Leary as "more of a father to me than my own father was."

Leary's apparent endorsement of care-free LSD usage is also reflected upon in a more negative light in the concluding chapter of Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. In addition, Owsley Stanley, one of the pioneers of the era, would later write of him,

"Leary was a fool. Drunk with 'celebrity-hood' and his own ego, he became a media clown-and was arguably the single most damaging actor involved in the destruction of the evanescent social movement of the '60's. Tim, with his very public exhortations to the kids to 'tune in, turn on and drop out,' is the inspiration for all the current draconian US drug laws against psychedelics. He would not listen to any of us when we asked him to please cool it, he loved the lime-light and relished his notoriety... I was not a fan of his." [5]

Author and Merry Prankster Ken Kesey remained a supporter and admirer of Leary throughout his career,

"Leary can get a part of my mind that's kind of rusted shut grinding again, just by being around him and talking."

World religion scholar Huston Smith was turned on by Leary after the two were introduced to one another by Aldous Huxley in the early 1960s. The experience was interpreted as deeply religious by Smith, and is captured in detailed religious terms in Smith's later work Cleansing of the Doors of Perception. This was Smith's one and only entheogenic experience, at the end of which he asked Leary, to paraphase, if Leary knew the power and danger of that with which he was conducting research. In Mother Jones Magazine, 1997, Smith commented:

"First, I have to say that during the three years I was involved with that Harvard study, LSD was not only legal but respectable. Before Tim went on his unfortunate careening course, it was a legitimate research project. Though I did find evidence that, when recounted, the experiences of the Harvard group and those of mystics were impossible to tell apart—descriptively indistinguishable—that's not the last word. There is still a question about the truth of the disclosure." [6]

[edit] Creative works

[edit] Writings

[edit] Partial discography

Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out (Original Movie Soundtrack)
Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out (Original Movie Soundtrack)
  • L.S.D. (1966)
  • Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out (The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (1967)
  • You Can Be Anyone This Time Around (1970)
  • Flashbacks (1983)
  • The Inner Frontier with Robert Anton Wilson (1989)
  • From Psychedelics to Cybernetics (1989)
  • Origins of Dance (1990)
  • How to Operate Your Brain (1992)
  • Right to Fly (1996)
  • Beyond Life With Timothy Leary (1996)
  • Timothy Leary Live at Starwood (2001) recorded in 1992 ACE ISBN 1-59157-002-6
  • Timothy Leary: A Cheerleader for Change (2001) ACE/Llewellyn Collection - Recorded in 1985 ACE ISBN 1-59157-004-2
  • The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on Tibetan Book of the Dead (with Richard Alpert & Ralph Metzner) (2003)

Also Appears On:

  • Seven Up - Ash Ra Tempel (1972)
  • Tune In (Turn On The Acid House) - (1988) Psychic TV, 12" EP, Temple Records (UK)- Samples Timothy Leary
  • Trance-Techno Express: From Detroit to Berlin & Back - Various (1993)
  • Ancient Lights and the Blackcore - with Scorn, Seefeel, Yanomami Shamans from the Amazon, and DJ Cheb I. Sabbah (1995)
  • Krautrock - Various [Polygram] (1997)
  • Sub Rosa Underwood, Vol. 3: A Sampler - Various (1998)
  • Intermenstral - Various (2001)

[edit] Multimedia performances

  • In 1966, he recorded an album, Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out (Original release: Mercury 21131 (mono) /61131 (stereo), US 1967), which was ostensibly a "user manual" for a self-guided LSD "trip". While the album did poorly in general release, it has become one of the rarest "memorabilia" and prized of possessions of many Leary collections. One track, "All The Girls Are Yours" has been performed repeatedly by others, and was even re-recorded in 2004.
  • During late 1966 and early 1967, Leary toured college campuses presenting a multi-media performance called "The Death of the Mind," which attempted to artistically replicate the LSD experience.
  • In 1973 he recorded the album Seven Up with the German band Ash Ra Tempel.
  • He was also mentioned in the musical Hair in the two songs "Manchester, England" and "The Flesh Failures".
  • In 1981, he had a cameo in Cheech and Chong's film Nice Dreams, wherein he played a doctor who had "the key" to Cheech's escape from a mental hospital. Rather than giving him the key to his straitjacket, however, he gives him a dose of LSD.
  • In 1984, The Wooster Group created a controversy when it juxtaposed Leary and his work with excerpts from Arthur Miller's play The Crucible in their ensemble performance piece L.S.D. (... Just the High Points...)
  • Also in 1984, Leary appeared as Dr. Byrthfood in the Devo home video release We're All Devo
  • In 1985, Dr. Leary and Joseph Rothenberg presented the 8-Circuit Model of Consciouness at the Computer Symposium in Seattle, Washington. Also in attendance at the symposium were Bill Gates(Microsoft) and Frank Herbert(Dune).
  • On three occasions a multi-media maze based on Timothy Leary's eight circuit model of consciousness designed by Association for Consciousness Exploration co-director Joseph Rothenberg was presented at the WinterStar Symposium, and it was presented for 30 days at the Starwood Center in Cleveland, OH. Robert Anton Wilson, Halim El-Dabh, and Muruga Booker have all been participants in presentations of the 8-Circuit Maze.[18]
  • In 1989 he had a cameo appearance as television evangelist Dr. Timothy Leary in Wes Craven's horror movie Shocker.
  • In 1990 he recorded the album The Origins of Dance with The Grid.
  • He is sampled several times on the 1993 Porcupine Tree album Voyage 34, which is an instrumental interpretation of an LSD trip.
  • In 1993 he was credited with the opening track "The Incredible Lightness Of Being Molecular" on Fifty Years of Sunshine, a CD that celebrated the invention of LSD. Recorded in Los Angeles by Genesis P-Orridge and Doug Rushkoff on March 14, 1993. Written by Dr. Timothy Leary for the special publication Lysergic Times, edited by Michael Horowitz to commemorate 50 years of LSD, and launched on April 16, 1993 in San Francisco, USA.
  • He appeared as guest vocalist on "Gila Copter", the opening track of the Revolting Cocks' 1993 album Linger Ficken' Good... and Other Barnyard Oddities.
  • In Joel Hershman's 1993 cult classic Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Leary played white-suited Mr. Jones, who sells fake passports to fugitives out of an office that consists of a big white coupe parked in a deserted drive-in movie lot. He reassures the protagonist that none of his clients have ever been caught, except for the one who disobeyed his orders, got high on LSD, and went to Switzerland.

[edit] Timothy Leary in pop culture

[edit] Music

  • A song entitled "Timothy Leary" appears on Satellite EP, released in 2007 by Guster.
  • He is mentioned in The Magnetic Fields' song "Technical (You're So)": "You dance like a Hindu deity/Best friends with Timothy Leary"
  • He sings in the chorus of John Lennon's "Give Peace a Chance".
  • He is mentioned in The Who's song "The Seeker": "I asked Bobby Dylan, I asked The Beatles/I asked Timothy Leary, but he couldn't help me either"
  • He is the subject of "Legend of a Mind" by the Moody Blues[19]
  • His speech appears on a song called "Left Handshake" by Skinny Puppy. cEvin Key tried to obtain the permission to put his speech on that track, but he didn't because of copyright terms. Also, the same speech was used for a Nine Inch Nails track called "Fist Fuck" on the remix EP Fixed.
  • The phrase "turn on, tune in, drop out" appears on the Gil Scott Heron song "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised".
  • A song called "Timothy Leary" appears on the 1995 album Nevermore by the band Nevermore, lamenting his persecution by authorities. The following album was also entitled The Politics of Ecstasy the title of a book written by Timothy Leary in 1968.
  • A South African hardcore/punk band is named "timothylearyisinnocent" after him. However the name is more of a joke than an actual testament to Timothy Leary.[citation needed]
  • He is mentioned in the fact track on the DVD release of Blow
  • Dog Fashion Disco has a song called "The Acid Memoirs" which mentions Leary.
  • A track titled "Left Handshake" was excluded from the album Last Rights by industrial band Skinny Puppy, leaving a blank track 10 on some copies of the album (There was about 2 seconds of empty space on track number 10). Clearance for a lengthy vocal sample from Timothy Leary's Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out (1967) was approved by Leary, but denied by the copyright holder. The song, in which a crazed Ogre responds to Leary's instructions for avoiding a "bad trip", was eventually released on the initial European edition of Brap (1996) and on a limited edition single called "Track 10" sold at the Skinny Puppy reunion concert in Dresden (2000). When Last Rights was released, the song listing simply skipped the number ten, listing song eleven after nine. Another page of the CD insert had the mysterious (at the time) message... "Song 10 is missing ?"
  • The progressive rock band Tool used a sample of the following short excerpt of a speech by Leary for the intro to their song "Third Eye", as heard live on the Salival EP:

"Think for yourself. Question authority. Throughout human history, as our species has faced the frightening, terrorizing fact that we do not know who we are, or where we're going in this ocean of chaos, it has been the authorities: the political, the religious, the educational authorities, who have attempted to comfort us by giving us order, rules, regulations. Informing, forming in our minds their view of reality. To think for yourself you must question authority and learn how to put yourself in a state of vulnerable open-mindedness-- chaotic, confused vulnerability to inform yourself. Think for yourself. Question authority."

  • He is mentioned in the track Ain't going to Goa which describes him as "selling acid for the FBI" on Exile on Coldharbour Lane, the debut album by Alabama 3.
  • In the 1979 film adaptation of the Broadway musical Hair (film), Leary is mentioned in the final song, "The Flesh Failures/Let the Sunshine In": "Life is around you and in you/ Answer for Timothy Leary, dearie."
  • He is mentioned in "Let The Sunshine In" from the musical "Hair"

[edit] Games

  • Equal parts party game, roleplaying game and social simulation, Timothy Leary's Mind Mirror was released for Commodore 64, Atari XL, Apple II, and MS-DOS computers by Electronic Arts in 1985. The game was a digital reinterpreting of Leary's doctoral thesis. He later stated that he had plans to release an updated version of the program with advanced graphics (including Apple Macintosh and Amiga versions), but that never occurred.
  • "Turn on, tune in, drop out" is frequently used in Destroy All Humans 2, which takes place in the 60's.
  • "Turn on tune in drown out" is used in a title for a song by Cristian Vogel.
  • "Turn on, tune in, drop out" is the name of one of the missions in Grand Theft Auto Vice City Stories.

[edit] TV appearances

[edit] Filmography

  • A full list of appearances (both as himself and in acting roles), direction, and other participation in film media by Leary can be found at: [7]
  • Leary makes a cameo appearance in 1992's "Roadside Prophets", where he educates Adam Horwitz's (Beastie Boys) character on existentialism.
  • Leary makes a brief cameo in Cheech and Chong's Nice Dreams as a doctor in an asylum. He gives Cheech Marin a dose of LSD, telling him that it's the "Key to the Universe".
  • In Across the Universe, Leary is referenced when the gang goes to visit a "Doctor Geary", which is only one letter off

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g [1] "Timothy Leary, Pied Piper Of Psychedelic 60's, Dies at 75," obituary, New York Times Book Review, June 1, 1996, written by hannah palmer
  2. ^ John Cashman, "The LSD Story," Fawcett Publications, 1966
  3. ^ Torgoff, Martin (2004). Can't Find My Way Home: America in the Great Stoned Age. Simon and Schuster, 72. ISBN 0743230108. 
  4. ^ Leary, Timothy; Allen Ginsberg (1995). High Priest. Ronin Publishing, 4. ISBN 0914171801. 
  5. ^ Seeking the Magic Mushroom - Cover
  6. ^ Cashman, John. "The LSD Story". Fawcett Publications, 1966
  7. ^ Dr. Leary's Concord Prison Experiment: A 34 Year Follow-Up Study
  8. ^ a b c d .html?pagewanted=print "The Nutty Professor," by Luc Sante, New York Times Book Review, June 24, 2006, review of "Timothy Leary: A Biography," by Robert Greenfield
  9. ^ RE/Search Publications - Pranks! - Timothy Leary
  10. ^ This is also reported as: “He has preached the length and breadth of the land, and I am inclined to the view that he would pose a danger to the community if released.” Walker, Jesse (2006) "The Acid Guru’s Long, Strange Trip" The American Conservatve" issue of November 6, 2006.
  11. ^ Nick Gillespie, "Psychedelic, Man," Washington Post, June 15, 2006
  12. ^ [www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,971015-2,00.html]
  13. ^ The Cleveland Free Times :: Archives :: Circle Of Ash
  14. ^ Lesie, Michele (1989) High Priest of LSD To Drop In. Cleveland Plain Dealer
  15. ^ Local Group Hosts Dr. Timothy Leary by Will Allison (The Observer Fri. Sept. 29th, 1989)
  16. ^ Two 60s Cult Heroes, on the Eve of the 80s by James Neff (Cleveland Plain Dealer Oct. 30th, 1979)
  17. ^ Timothy Leary: An LSD Cowboy Turns Cosmic Comic by Frank Kuznik (Cleveland Magazine November 1979
  18. ^ The 8-Circuit Maze - Multi-media presentation at the Starwood Center presented by The Association for Consciousness Exploration[2]
  19. ^ Legend of a Mind

Weil, Andrew T. "The Strange Case of the Harvard Drug Scandal" Look, 27 November 5, 1963.

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Persondata
NAME Leary, Timothy Francis
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Psychologist and advocate
DATE OF BIRTH October 22, 1920
PLACE OF BIRTH Springfield, Massachusetts, United States
DATE OF DEATH May 31, 1996
PLACE OF DEATH Los Angeles, California, United States