Timeline of women in Medieval warfare
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- 5th century: Saint Genevieve is credited with averting Attila from Paris by rallying the people in prayer.[1]
- 6th century AD: A Saxon woman is buried with a knife and a shield in Lincolnshire, England.[2]
- Seventh century: Poetess Al-Khansa composes elegies for her relatives who had been killed in battle.[3]
- Seventh century: Nusaybah Bint k’ab Al Maziniyyah fights in the Battle of Uhud on behalf of Muhammad after converting to his religion.[4]
- Seventh century: Princess Pingyang of China helps overthrow the Sui Dynasty by organizing a "women's army".[5]
- Seventh century: Kahina leads Berber resistance against Muslim conquest.[6]
- Seventh century: Khaula, along with several other women, takes command of the Arab army at the Battle of the Yermonks against the Greeks. She was nearly beaten by a Greek when one of her female companions, Wafeira, beheaded her opponent with one blow. This act rallied the Arabs and they defeated the Greeks.[7]
- 624: Quraish Arab priestess Hind al-Hunnud leads her people against Muhammad in the Battle of Badr. Her father, uncle, and brother are killed. [8]
- 625: Hind al-Hunnud is among fifteen women accompanying troops in a battle near Medina, singing songs to inspire warriors. She exults over the body of the man who killed her father, chews his liver, and makes jewellery from his skin and nails.[9]
- 628: Juwayriya bint al-Harith is taken captive when her father is defeated in battle by Muhammad. She marries Muhammad.[10]
- 656: Aisha, widow of Muhammad, leads troops at the Battle of the Camel. She is defeated.[11]
- 722: Queen Aethelburg of Wessex destroys the town of Taunton.[12]
- 730: A Khazar noblewoman named Parsbit commands an army against Armenia.[13]
- 750: Three hundred shieldmaidens, fight at the Battle of Bråvalla in Sweden. Among them are Veborg, Princess Hed of Denmark and Sweden, and Visna.[citation needed]
- 783: Saxon women throw themselves barebreasted into battle against Charlemagne's forces. Among the participants is Fastrada, who eventually became Charlemagne's fourth wife. [14]
- Early 9th century: Cwenthryth fights Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury, for control of her abbey estates.[15]
- 9th century: Euphrosyne warns Emperor Theophilos of a rebellion in Constantinople while he was fighting the Arabs, prompting his return.[16]
- 880: Ermengarda defends Vienne.[17]
- 912-922: Reign of Ethelfleda, ruler of Mercia. She commanded armies, fortified towns, and defeated the Danes. She also defeated the Welsh and forced them to pay tribute to her.[18]
- Mid 10th century: Queen Thyra of Denmark leads an army against the Germans.[19]
- 971: The Scandinavian ruler of Kiev attacked the Byzantines in Bulgaria in 971. When the Norsemen had been defeated, the victors were stunned at discovering shieldmaidens among the fallen warriors.[20]
- Late 10th century: Judith rebels against the Axumite Dynasty in Ethiopia. [21]
- Early 11th century: Freydís Eiríksdóttir, a Viking woman, sails to Vinland with Thorfinn Karlsefni. When she faced hostile natives while pregnant, she exposed her breasts and beat her chest with a sword. This caused the natives to run away.[22]
- 1046-1115: Lifetime of Matilda of Tuscany, who conducted wars to defend the papacy. [23]
- 1047: Akkadevi, an Indian princess, sieges the fort of Gokage. [24]
- Mid to Late 11th century: Sichelgaita, wife of Robert Guiscard, accompanies her husband on military campaigns, and regularly puts on full armor and rides into battle at his side. [25]
- 1071: Richilde, Countess of Mons and Hainaut is captured fighting in the Battle of Cassel.[26]
- 1072: Urraca of Zamora, Infanta of Castile, defends the city of Zamora against her brother, Sancho II of Castile. [27]
- 1075: Emma de Guader, Countess of Norfolk defends Norwich castle while it is under siege.[28]
- 1090: Norman woman Isabel of Conches rides armed as a knight.[29]
- 1119: Arwa al-Sulayhi forces Najib ad-Dawla, an envoy of the Fatimid Caliph al-Amir, to withdraw from her realm after he attempts to take over.[citation needed]
- 1121:Urraca of Castile fights her half-sister, Theresa, Countess of Portugal when she refuses to surrender the city of Tuy. [30]
- 1130: Female Chinese general Liang Hongyu, wife of general Han Shizhong of the Song army, blocks the advance of the Jin army with her husband. Her drumming invigorated the Song army and rallied them to defeat the Jin. [31]
- Late 12th century: Eva MacMurrough conducts battles on behalf of her husband, the Earl of Pembroke.[32]
- 1136: Welsh princess Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd leads an army against the Normans. She is defeated and killed.[33]
- 1145: Eleanor of Aquitaine accompanies her husband on the Second Crusade.[34]
- 1172: Alrude Countess of Bertinoro ends a siege of Aucona by leading an army into battle and crushing imperial troops.[35]
- 1180–1185: Female Japanese warrior Tomoe Gozen fights in the Genpei War alongside men.[36]
- Late 12th century: Eva MacMurrough conducts battles on behalf of her husband, the Earl of Pembroke.[37]
- 1184-1212: Reign of queen Tamar of Georgia. Georgia achieved military superiority in the Middle East under her rule.[38]
- First half of the 13th century: Swedish noblewoman Ingrid Ylva is described in legends as the leader of her family in the fights between the noble clans, as the dowager guardian of her minor sons.[citation needed]
- 1201: Japanese woman Hangaku Gozen defends a fort as an archer until she is killed by an arrow fired by the enemy.[39]
- Mid 13th century: Eleanor of Castile accompanies her husband on his crusade. According to legend, she saved his life by sucking poison from his wound when he was injured. [40]
- 1263: Eleanor of Provence raises troops in France for her husband.[citation needed]
- 1271: Isabella of Aragon dies at Consenza on the way back from the Crusades. [41]
- May 1297: According to Blind Harry, William Wallace avenges the death of his wife Marion Braidfute by killing and dismembering William Heselrig, the English Sheriff of Lanark. There is no historical evidence to corroberate her existence, however.[citation needed]
- Late 13th century: Indian queen Rani Rudrama Devi defends her kingdom from the from the Cholas and the Yadavas.[citation needed]
- Late 13th century: Khutulun, a relative of Kublai Khan, is described as a superb warrior and accompanies her father Khaidu on military campaigns. [42]
- 14th century: Urduja, a Filipino princess, takes part in several battles. Many historians believe that she was mythical, however.[43]
- 1300: Manuscript I.33, authored by a secretary of the Bishop of Wurzburg depicts unarmored fighters. An illustration of a woman training in sword and buckler techniques is in the manuscript among others.
- 1306: Isabella MacDuff is captured after the Battle of Methven.
- 1325: Isabella of France gathers an army to oppose her husband, Edward II of England.
- 1334: Agnes Dunbar successfully defends her castle against a siege by England's earl of Salisbury.[44]
- 1340s: Joanna of Flanders, Countess of Montfort, defended the rights of her son John V, Duke of Brittany in the Breton War of Succession. During the same war, the opposition was led for a time by Countess Jeanne de Penthievre.
- 1347: Philippa of Hainault persuades her husband not to execute the The Burghers of Calais, whom he had defeated.[45]
- 1354: Ibn Battuta reports seeing female warriors in Southeast Asia.
- 1351-1363: Han E serves as a soldier in the Chinese army as a man under the name Han Guanbao, and is promoted to lieutenant. [46]
- 1364-1405: Tamerlane uses female archers to defend baggage trains.
- 1387: Queen Jadwiga of Poland leads two successful military expeditions to reclaim the province of Halych in Red Ruthenia. These expeditions were mostly peaceful, however.
- Late 14th century: Eleanor of Arborea, ruler of Sardinia, conducts a defensive war against Aragon.
- Early 15th century: Isabeau of Bavaria is defeated by Henry V of England.
- 15th century: Lady Knyvet defends her husband's castle during the War of the Roses.
- 15th century: Maire o Ciaragain leads Irish clans in rebellion.[47]
- 15th century: Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine, leads an army to rescue her husband from the Duke of Burgundy.[48]
- 15th century: Mandukhai Khatun takes command of the Mongol army and defeats the Oirats. [49]
- 15th century: Onorata Rodiana from Cremona in Italy disguises herself as a man and becomes a soldier [1].
- 1409: Catrin ferch Owain Glyndŵr is captured in a siege of Harlech Castle. She is eventually sent to the Tower of London, where she dies four years later.
- 1429: Joan of Arc leads the French army. Yolande of Aragon supports her. Pierronne, a contemporary of hers, also hears voices and fights for the king of France.[50]
- Mid 15th century: Zaydi Yemeni chieftan Sharifa Fatima conquers San‘a’.[51]
- 1460 Queen Margaret of Anjou, defeats the Yorkist forces at the Battle of Wakefield and the Second Battle of St Albans in the English Wars of the Roses.
- June 27, 1472: Jeanne Hachette rips down the flag of the invading Burgundians at Beauvais, inspiring the garrison to win the fight.
- 1484: Caterina Sforza defends the Castel Sant'Angelo, but eventually surrenders it.
- 1499: Caterina Sforza fights Cesare Borgia.
- 1499: Sikhism founded. One of its major tenets is equality for women, which extends to allowing them into participate in combat and warfare. See Category:Female Sikh warriors for more information.
[edit] References
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- ^ South Carlton Lincolnshire, 25 January 2004: Saxon Burials on the Ridge from channel.4.com (English). Retrieved on May 07, 2008.
- ^ Zeidan, Joseph T.; Juzif Zaydan (1995). Arab Women Novelists: The Formative Years and Beyond (in English). SUNY Press, p.281. ISBN 0791421716.
- ^ Girl Power. ABC News.
- ^ Peterson, Barbara Bennett, editor in chief; He Hong Fei, Wang Jiu, Han Tie, Zhang Guangyu, Associate editors (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century (in English). M.E. Sharpe Inc., New York, p.177. ISBN 0-7656-0504-X.
- ^ Hannoum, Abdelmajid (2001). Post-Colonial Memories: The Legend of the Kahina, a North African Heroine (Studies in African Literature) (in English). ISBN 0-325-00253-3.
- ^ Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell (1853). Woman's Record: Or, Sketches of All Distinguished Women, from "The Beginning Till A.D. 1850, Arranged in Four Eras, with Selections from Female Writers of Every Age (in English). Harper Brothers, p.120.
- ^ Olsen, Kirstin (1994). Chronology of women's history (in English). Greenwood Publishing Group, p.31. ISBN 0313288038.
- ^ Olsen, p. 31
- ^ Alfred Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, p. 490-493.
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- ^ Jones, David E. (1997). Women Warriors: a history (in English). Brassey's. Dulles, Virginia., p.57. ISBN 1-57488-206-6.
- ^ Golden, Peter (1980). Khazar Studies: An Historio-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars. Budapest: Akademia Kiado.
- ^ Kanagasingam, Rajkumar (2007). German Memories in Asia (in English). Authorhouse, p.74. ISBN 1434315827.
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- ^ Blair, John; J. Willoughby Rosse (1856). Blair's Chronological Tables, Revised and Enlarged: Comprehending the Chronology and History of the World from the Earliest Times to the Russian Treaty of Peace, April 1856 (in English). H.G. Bohn, York Street, Convent Garden, London, p.300.
- ^ King, William C. (1902). Woman; Her Position, Influence, and Achievement Throughout the Civilized World. Her Biography and History (in English). The King-Richardson co., Springfield, Mass., p.177.
- ^ Salmonson, p. 251
- ^ Harrison, D. & Svensson, K. (2007). Vikingaliv. Fälth & Hässler, Värnamo. ISBN 978-91-27-35725-9. p. 71
- ^ Kessler, David (1996). The Falashas: A Short History of the Ethiopian Jews (in English). Routledge, p.79. ISBN 0714646466.
- ^ Thrapp, Dan L. (1991). Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography: In Three Volumes (in English). University of Nebraska Press, p.521. ISBN 0803294182.
- ^ Kagay, Donald J. (2003). History of Warfare, volume III: Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies Around the Mediterranean (in English). BRILL, p.355-356. ISBN 9004125531.
- ^ Campbell, James M; R E Enthoven (1904). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume I, Part II, History of the Konkan Dahkan and Southern Maratha Country (in English). Govt. Central Press, Bombay, India, p.435.
- ^ De Pauw, Linda Grant (2000). Battle Cries and Lullabies: Women in War from Prehistory to the Present (in English). University of Oklahoma Press, p.86. ISBN 0806132884.
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