Timeline of low-temperature technology
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Timeline of low-temperature technology
- 1810 - Sir John Leslie freezes water to ice artificially.
- c.1850 - Michael Faraday makes a hypothesis that freezing substances increases their dielectric constant.
- 1877 - Raoul Pictet and Louis Paul Cailletet, working separately, develop two methods to liquefy oxygen.
- 1883 - Z.F. Wroblewski condenses experimentally useful quantities of liquid oxygen
- 1888 - Loftus Perkins develops the "Arktos" cold chamber for preserving food, using an early ammonia absortion system.
- 1892 - James Dewar invents the vacuum-insulated, silver-plated glass Dewar flask
- 1895 - Carl von Linde files for patent protection of his process for liquefaction of atmospheric air or other gases (approved in 1903).
- 1898 - James Dewar condenses liquid hydrogen.
- 1900 - Nikola Tesla receives U.S. Patent 685,012, "Means for Increasing the Intensity of Electrical Oscillations". Tesla, also, receives U.S. Patent RE11,865, Method of Insulating Electric Conductors
- 1905 - Carl von Linde obtains pure oxygen and nitrogen.
- 1908 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes liquefies helium.
- 1911 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discloses his research on metallic low-temperature phenomenon characterised by no electrical resistance, calling it superconductivity.
- 1926 - Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd invent the Einstein refrigerator.
- 1926 - Willem Hendrik Keesom solidifies helium.
- 1937 - Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, John F. Allen, and Don Misener discover superfluidity using helium-4 at 2.2 K
- 1951 - Heinz London invents the principle of the dilution refrigerator
- 1963 - W. Gifford and R. Longsworth invent the pulse tube cooler
- 1972 - David Lee, Robert C. Richardson and Douglas Osheroff discover superfluidity in helium-3 at 0.002 K.
- 1985 - Steven Chu invents laser cooling.
- 1986 - Karl Alexander Müller and J. Georg Bednorz discover high-temperature superconductivity
- 1995 - Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, using a dilute gas of Rubidium-87.
- 2000 - Peter Toennies demonstrates superfluidity of hydrogen at 0.15 K
