Tiling window manager
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In computing, a tiling window manager is a window manager with an organization of the screen into mutually non-overlapping frames, as opposed to the more popular approach of coordinate-based stacking of overlapping objects (windows) that tries to fully emulate the desktop metaphor.
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[edit] History
[edit] Xerox PARC
The first graphical user interface was created at Xerox PARC. This GUI (Smalltalk) used the desktop metaphor. Later Xerox PARC also developed CEDAR, the first windowing system using a tiled window manager. The first Xerox Star system tiled application windows, but allowed dialogs and property windows to overlap.[1]
[edit] Andrew Project
Andrew Project's windowing system, the Andrew Window Manager was tiling only. It was superseded by "X Window System".
[edit] Prominent Tiling window managers
[edit] Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows includes a window manager since Windows 95 which, while by default follows the traditional overlapping windows approach, can optionally also act as a tiling window manager. To tile windows, first select them in the taskbar. Multiple windows can be selected while holding the Control key during clicking. Then, right click and from the context menu choose Tile Vertically or Tile Horizontally.
[edit] History
The first version (Windows 1.0) featured a tiling window manager, partly because of litigation by Apple claiming ownership of the overlapping window desktop metaphor. But due to complaints, the next version (Windows 2.0) followed the desktop metaphor. All later versions of the operation system stuck to this approach as the default beviour.
[edit] 3rd party addons
There are third party programs that add more sophisticated tiling functionality:
- WindowSizer - Tiles windows (shareware)
- WinSplit - Tiles windows using keyboard shortcuts (freeware)
[edit] X Window System
In the X Window System the window manager is a separate program. X itself enforces no specific window management approach and current X protocol version X11 explicitly mentions the possibility of tiling window managers. The Siemens RTL Tiled Window Manager (released in 1988) was the first to implement automatic placement/sizing strategies. Another tiling window manager from this period was the Cambridge Window Manager developed by IBM's Academic Information System group.
No new tiling window managers for X were developed for some time. In 2000 both larswm and Ion released a first version. Larswm implements a form of dynamic tiling: The display is vertically split in two regions (tracks). The left track is filled with a single window. The right track contains all other windows stacked on top of each other.
Ion combines tiling with a tabbing interface: The display is manually split in non-overlapping regions (frames). Each frame can contain one or more windows. Only one of these windows is visible and fills the entire frame.
dwm allows for switching tiling layouts by clicking a textual 'icon' in the status bar. The default is a Larswm-like main area + stacking area arrangement, represented by a []= character glyph. There is also a non-tiling floating layout similar to evilwm which permits windows to be moved and resized, represented by a fish-like ><>. Third party patches exist to add a golden section-based Fibonacci layout[1], a grid layout[2], and a horizontal stacking arrangement.[3].
[edit] List of tiling window managers for X
Since then other tiling window managers for X have also appeared:
- larswm - One main window and a stack of the other windows in a column at the right
- Ion - Manual tiling with tabbing
- dwm - Automatic tiling
- Ratpoison - Keyboard driven, GNU Screen for X
- StumpWM - Ratpoison in Lisp
- TrsWM
- wmii - The next generation of dwm from the same author
- XMonad - Automatic tiling window manager written and extensible in Haskell
- awesome[4] - dwm derivative with ability to apply tags to windows
- tritium[5]
- Lucca WM [6]
[edit] Others
- The Oberon operating system from ETH Zurich includes a tiling window manager.
- Omero, part of the Plan B operating system developed at URJ Madrid also tiles windows by default.
[edit] Tiling applications
Although tiling is not the default mode of window managers on any widely used platform, most applications already display multiple functions in a similar manner. Examples include email clients, IDEs, "sidebars" in web browsers, and contextual help in Microsoft Office. In addition, HTML frames can be seen as a markup language-based implementation of tiling. The tiling window manager just extends this usefulness beyond multiple functions within an application, to multiple applications within a desktop. The Tabbed Document Interface can be a useful adjunct to tiling, as it avoids having multiple window tiles on screen for the same function.
[edit] References
[edit] See also
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