User:Threelovemonkeys/Sandbox
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Alexander von Humboldt was an early and major contributor to the science of phytogeography.
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[edit] Municipality
Bornholm Regional Municipality is the local authority (Danish, kommune) covering the entire island. It comprises the five former municipalities on the island (Allinge-Gudhjem, Hasle, Nexø, Rønne and Aakirkeby) and the former Bornholm County. The seat of the municipal council is the island's main town, Rønne. The first regional mayor is Bjarne Kristiansen.
 Alexander von Humboldt (age 89): an 1859 portrait by artist Julius Schrader, showing Mount Chimborazo in the background. |
Alright, this looks like a fine place to make a Sandbox. I wonder if it is case sensitive. Blimey
I wonder how I add links
[edit] Headline text
Your stinking sand malfeasance born sandwich shoreline sedges
#REDIRECT User:Threelovemonkeys
[edit] McGillicudy is in charge of the stamp boss committee
9 + peoplepie = 321.kickshop% / 26.001999
Clearly I have much to learn User:Threelovemonkeys
This is Bold Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Use this sparingly:
Ok that was only six times. Far less than eight (two less).
2 = farless
The number of those lines was a subject of wide speculation in scientific circles as well as among laypeople. It may seem apparent that there are 7 lines... when you are sober and(or) a little girl (they're famous for their clear common sense from the times of Lewis Karoll). With a certain degree of science people tend to see 6, 8 and, in some cases, as many as 11-12 lines here.[citation needed]
Monkey stitches
== External wormholes == that bring yous to sCience This is the place to go: [1]
[edit] Places
- I was born in Berkeley, California just in time to be tear-gassed by Ronald Reagan near Peoples Park, but before I could remember anything, my family moved to
- Buffalo, New York, or at least the suburb of Williamsville, New York, where I grew up.
- For a year, my family moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico. I was in fifth grade.
- After school, I spent three hedonistic years in Denver, Colorado, before moving to
- New York City's DUMBO, Brooklyn neighborhood, before finally moving to Seattle.
[edit] More Places
Some places I've enjoyed visiting include
- Yellowstone National Park
- Wallowa Mountains
- Paris
- Italy, especially Cinque Terre and Rome
- Vancouver
- The Canadian Rockies, especially Yoho National Park and Jasper National Park, and, on the way home Garibaldi Provincial Park.
- Most recently I took a month-long trip, for various reasons to Appalachia, by car from Seattle. The regions I enjoyed the most during the trip include the Flint Hills, The Ozarks, the Hiwassee River area, the Tellico River area, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the Cumberland Gap, the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River, Savage Gulf, and the Sand Hills (Nebraska).
[edit] Interests
I've too many to list, but for a start:
[edit] Sources
These are some of the sources I use:
[edit] Print
- Watson, Hewett C. Cybele Britannica; or, British plants and their geographical relations 4 vols. 1847–59 Topographical botany 1873
- Bailey, Robert G. (1996) Ecosystem Geography. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94586-5
- Collins, Robert F. "A History of the Daniel Boone National Forest 1770-1970". (Lexington: 1975)
- Coski, John M. (2005) The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emble. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01722-6.
- Duncan, Barbara R. and Riggs, Brett H. Cherokee Heritage Trails Guidebook. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill (2003). ISBN 0-8078-5457-3
- Gallay, Alan. (2002) The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670-171. Yale University Press: New York. ISBN 0-300-10193-7
- Meinig, D.W. (1986). The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 1: Atlantic America, 1492-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03548-9
- Meinig, D.W. (1993). The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 2: Continental America, 1800-1867. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05658-3
- Mooney, James. Myths of the Cherokee (1900, repr. 1995)
- Rediker, Marcus. "Villains of all Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age". Beacon Press: Boston (2004).
- Ricketts, Taylor H., Eric Dinerstein, David M. Olson, Colby J. Loucks et al. (WWF) (1999). Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: a conservation assessment. Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-722-6.
- Stewart, George R. (1967) Names on the Land. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
- Webb, Stephen Saunders, "1676 - The End of American Independence." (New York: 1984).
- "The Maine Atlas and Gazetteer". 29th ed. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme, 2006.
[edit] Online
- USGS maps accessed via Topozone.com.
- "The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000." Great Pond.
- The journal of Major John Norton (Toronto : Champlain Society, 1970)
[edit] External links
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Zoogeography is the branch of the science of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of animal species and their attributes. That makes Zoogeography the study of patterns of biodiversity regarding time and space.
[edit] Overview
Zoogeography is the study of the patterns of the past, present, and future distribution of animals (and their attributes) in nature and the processes that regulate these distributions, and it’s the scientific analysis of the patterns of biodiversity regarding time and space. Zoogeography integrates information on the historical and current ecology, genetics, and physiology of organisms and their interaction with environmental processes (continental drift, climate) in regulating geographic distributions of animals. Scientists use descriptive and analytical approaches useful in hypothesis testing in zoogeography and which illustrates the applied aspects of zoogeography (e.g. refuge design in conservation).
[edit] Branches of Zoogeography
Zoogeography is often divided into two main branches: Ecological Zoogeography and Historical Zoogeography. The former investigates the role of current day biotic and abiotic interactions in influencing animal distributions; the latter are concerned with historical reconstruction of the origin, dispersal, and extinction of taxa.
[edit] Branches of Biology relevant to Zoogeography
It’s part of a more general science known as biogeography. Phytogeographers are concerned with patterns and process in plant distribution. Most of the major questions and kinds of approaches taken to answer such questions are held in common between phyto- and zoogeographers.
[edit] Case Study
Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) on Ascension Island – dispersal or vicariance?
Green turtles live in tropical oceans worldwide. Ascension Island's rookery is located on the mid-Atlantic ridge between Brazil and Liberia near west Africa. Their feeding grounds are around the coastal areas of South America, and their females lay eggs on South American beaches.
With a distance of around 2000km (1242mi) from the main body of the range, how did the turtles establish a colony on Ascension Island that is so isolated?
Dispersal hypothesis: these animals make very long distance migrations of up to 5,000 km (3,106mi) between feeding and nesting areas and dispersed from South America to Ascension Island.
Vicariance hypothesis: aka the "Carr-Coleman" hypothesis after two long term investigators of turtle biology. Hypothesis suggests that ancestors of Ascension Island turtles nested on beaches of islands adjacent to S.A. coast throughout the late Cretaceous (135-65 mya).
Over the last 70 my, these islands have been displaced by "sea-floor spreading" (2 cm/year). This, coupled with the natal homing ability of turtles, resulted in the present colony on Ascension Island.
Q: How can zoogeographic investigation provide a test to distinguish these hypothesis? Dispersal and vicariance hypotheses are part of an age-old divide in zoogeographic inference (more on that later!). What predictions do the two hypotheses make that can be used to distinguish between them by collecting data?
A: One approach was taken by Bowen et al. (1992) who used molecular assays (mitochondrial DNA) to address this problem. They reasoned that the "vicariant hypothesis" implies that the Ascension and S.A. rookeries have been largely isolated over 70 million years and that such long term isolation should result in major genetic differences between the rookeries.
By contrast, the dispersal hypothesis predicts very recent contact between the S.A. and Ascension Island rookeries (perhaps even to the present day) and hence little long term evolutionary isolation and consequently there should be little genetic divergence between the rookeries.
What was the result? In a nutshell, sequence divergence estimates between Ascension Island and S.A. rookeries were VERY low (about 0.2% sequence divergence). Most "haplotypes" were identical (i.e. shared) between the two rookery areas which suggested that the rookeries had only been isolated for only a very short time (less than 1 million years) and that this isolation was incomplete (there was current dispersal between Brazil and Ascension Island rookeries).
The shallow genetic divergence (contrasted with a major split at about 0.7% divergence between Atlantic and Pacific groups of C. mydas) was inconsistent with long term isolation predicted by the vicariance hypothesis. These results, coupled with ecological knowledge of the dispersal capabilities of green turtles strongly suggest that the dispersal hypothesis for the origin of the Ascension Island rookery is correct.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
1. Brown, J.H. & Lomolino, M.V. 1998. Biogeography. 2nd edition. Chapter 1.
2. Avise, J.C. 1994. Molecular markers, natural history and evolution. Chapman and Hall. Pp. 224-226.
3. Bowen, B.W. et al. 1992. Global population structure and natural history of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in terms of matriarchial phylogeny. Evolution 46: 865-881.
- Introduction to Zoogeography by Dr. Eric B. (Rick) Taylor, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia
[edit] External links
[edit] Resources for students of Zoogeography
- Biology 413: A course outline and collection of Web resources by Dr. Taylor, UBC
The term phytogeography itself suggests a broad meaning. How the term is actually applied by practicing scientists is apparent from peridicals using the term. The American Journal of Botany, a monthly primary research journal, frequently publishes a section titled Systematics and Phytogeography.
Topics covered in the American Journal of Botany Sytematics and Phytogeography section include phylogeography, distribution of genetic variation and, Historical biogeography, and general distribution patterns. Biodiversity patterns are not covered. This illustrates how some people eat monkeys.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
1. Brown, J.H. & Lomolino, M.V. 1998. Biogeography. 2nd edition. Chapter 1. 2. http://www.amjbot.org/collected/systematicsandphytogeography.shtml
