Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt
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| Dynasties of Pharaohs in Ancient Egypt |
| Predynastic Egypt |
| Protodynastic Period |
| Early Dynastic Period |
| 1st 2nd |
| Old Kingdom |
| 3rd 4th 5th 6th |
| First Intermediate Period |
| 7th 8th 9th 10th |
| 11th (Thebes only) |
| Middle Kingdom |
| 11th (All Egypt) |
| 12th 13th 14th |
| Second Intermediate Period |
| 15th 16th 17th |
| New Kingdom |
| 18th 19th 20th |
| Third Intermediate Period |
| 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th |
| First Persian Period |
| Late Period |
| 28th 29th 30th |
| Second Persian Period |
| Macedonian-Roman Period |
| Alexander the Great |
| Ptolemaic Dynasty |
| Roman Egypt |
| Arab Conquest |
The Thirteenth Dynasty is one of the groupings of pharoahs or rulers of ancient Egypt. With the Eleventh, Twelfth, and Fourteenth Dynasties it is sometimes combined under the title Middle Kingdom. Other writers separate it from these dynasties and join it to the Fourteenth through Seventeenth Dynasties as part of the the Second Intermediate Period. The Thirteenth Dynasty was from approximately 1790-1649 BCE.
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[edit] Rulers
There are many known rulers for the Thirteenth Dynasty. Some of the better known ones are listed below:
| Throne Name | Dates | Royal Name Meaning | Burial |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wegaf Khutawyre | 1790-1786 | "Re Protects the Two Lands" | Unknown |
| Ameny Intef IV (Amenemhet V) Sankhibre | c. 1770 | "The Heart of Re Lives" | Unknown |
| Hor Auyibre | c. 1770 | "Re Succours the Heart" | Dahshur near the pyramid of Amenemhet III |
| Sobekhotep II (Amenmehet VI) Sekhemre Khutawy | c. 1760 | "Powerful is Re, Protector of the Two Lands" | possibly Dahshur |
| Khendjer Userkare | c. 1747 | "The Soul of Re is Powerful" | Pyramid, South Saqqara |
| Sobekhotep III Sekhemre Sewadjtawy | c. 1745 | "Powerful is Re, He makes to Flourish the Two Lands" | Unknown |
| Neferhotep I Khasekhemre | 1741-1730 | "Powerful is the Soul of Re" | Unknown |
| Sobekhotep IV Khaneferre | 1730-1720 | "Beautiful is the Soul of Re" | Unknown |
| Ay Merneferre | c. 1720 | "Beautiful is the Desire of Re" | Unknown |
| Neferhotep II Sekhemre Sankhtawy | Precise dates unknown | "Powerful is Re, Giver of Life to the Two Lands" | Unknown |
In later texts, this dynasty is usually described as an era of chaos and disorder. However, the period may have been more peaceful than was once thought since the central government in Itj-tawy near the Faiyum was sustained during most of the dynasty and the country remained relatively stable. Unfortunately, the true chronology of this dynasty is difficult to determine as there are few monuments dating from the period. Many of the kings' names are only known from an odd fragmentary inscription or from scarabs.
[edit] Merneferre Ay
Merneferre Ay (also called Merneferre Ai) was the last king of the dynasty to be mentioned by name on monuments in Upper and Lower Egypt, with the eastern Delta breaking away under its own kings about the time of his death.
[edit] Successors
After allowing discipline at the southern forts to deteriorate, the government eventually withdrew its garrisons and, not long afterward, the forts were reoccupied by the rising Nubian state of Kush. In the north, parts of Lower Egypt became heavily settled by an immigrant Asiatic population. An independent line of kings created the Fourteenth Dynasty that arose in the western Delta during the later Thirteenth Dynasty. According to Manetho, into this unstable mix came invaders from the east called the Hyksos. Their regime, called the Fifteenth Dynasty, replaced the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in most of the country.
[edit] References
- Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd., 2006. ISBN 0500286280.
