Third Way (centrism)

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This article is about a political philosophy; for other uses, see Third way (disambiguation).
Bill Clinton and Tony Blair, adherents of the "Third Way"
Bill Clinton and Tony Blair, adherents of the "Third Way"

The Third Way, or Radical center, is a centrist political philosophy of governance that embraces a mix of market and interventionist philosophies. The Third Way rejects both socialism and laissez-faire approaches to economic governance, but chiefly stresses technological development, education, and competitive mechanisms to pursue economic progress and governmental objectives.[1] Third way philosophies have been described as a synthesis of capitalism and socialism by its proponents.[2]

Past invocations of a political 'third way' have included the Fabian Socialism, Distributism, Keynesian economics, Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, and Harold Macmillan's 1950s One Nation Conservatism.[3] A "Third Way" approach has been adopted by some social democrats and social liberals in many Western liberal democracies.[4] While it was pioneered in the 1980s in Australia by the Hawke/Keating Labor governments,[5] the most recent prominent examples are the Clinton Administration in the United States as well as presidential candidates Hillary Clinton[6] and Barack Obama,[7] the Labour Party (New Labour) governments of the United Kingdom under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, the Liberal Party government of Canada under Jean Chrétien and Paul Martin as well as then-prime ministerial candidates Michael Ignatieff and Stephane Dion, and the Australian Labor Party under Kevin Rudd and Mark Latham.

The third way has been criticized by some conservatives and libertarians who advocate laissez-faire capitalism.[8] It has also been heavily criticized by many social democrats and democratic socialists in particular as a betrayal of left-wing values.

It is not to be confused with the Third Position.

Contents

[edit] Origins

Social democracy  v • d • e 

The term Third Way has been used to explain a variety of political policies and ideology in the last few centuries. The term itself extends back at least a century, to when Pope Pius XI called for a Third Way between Socialism and Capitalism at the end of the 1800s.[9] These ideas were implemented by both progressives and fascists in the early 20th Century.[10] The Third Way philosophy was extended in the 1950s by German ordoliberal economists such as Wilhelm Röpke, resulting in the development of the concept of the social market economy. Most significantly, Harold Macmillan, British Prime Minister from 1957 to 1963, based his philosophy of government on what he entitled in a book, The Middle Way (1938).

[edit] Modern usage

Anthony Giddens, pictured, is a key proponent of Third Way theory
Anthony Giddens, pictured, is a key proponent of Third Way theory

The term was later used by politicians in the 1990s who wished to incorporate Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan's projects of economic deregulation, privatization, and globalization into the mainstream centre-left political parties (following the crisis of socialism after the fall of the Berlin Wall).

In the last decade the Third Way can be defined as:

"something different and distinct from liberal capitalism with its unswerving belief in the merits of the free market and democratic socialism with its demand management and obsession with the state. The Third Way is in favour of growth, entrepreneurship, enterprise and wealth creation but it is also in favour of greater social justice and it sees the state playing a major role in bringing this about. So in the words of... Anthony Giddens of the LSE the Third Way rejects top down socialism as it rejects traditional neo liberalism."

– Report from the BBC, 1999[11]

A leading defender of the spread of Third Way influence in modern democracies has been British sociologist Anthony Giddens. Giddens regularly expounds on Third Way philosophy through contributions to progressive policy think tank Policy Network.

[edit] Examples

[edit] Australia

Under the centre-left Australian Labor Party from 1983 to 1996, the Bob Hawke and Paul Keating governments pursued many economic policies associated with economic rationalism, such as floating the Australian Dollar in 1983, reductions in trade tariffs, taxation reforms, changing from centralised wage-fixing to enterprise bargaining, the privatisation of Qantas and Commonwealth Bank, and deregulating the banking system. Keating also proposed a GST in 1985, however due to its unpopularity amongst Labor as well as the electorate, was scrapped. The party also desisted from other reforms, such as wholesale labour market deregulation (eg WorkChoices), the eventual GST, the privatisation of Telstra and welfare reform including "work for the dole", which John Howard and the Liberal Party of Australia were to initiate after winning office in 1996.

Various ideological beliefs were factionalised under reforms to the ALP under Gough Whitlam, resulting in what is now known as the Socialist Left who tend to favour a more interventionist economic policy and more socially progressive ideals, and Labor Right, the now dominant faction that tends to be more economically liberal and focus to a lesser extent on social issues. The Whitlam government was first to use the term economic rationalism.[12] The Gough Whitlam Labor government from 1972 to 1975 changed from a democratic socialism platform to social democracy, their precursor to the party's "Third Way" policies. Under the Whitlam government, tariffs across the board were cut by 25 percent after 23 years of Labor being in opposition.[13]

Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd's first speech to parliament in 1998 stated:

Competitive markets are massive and generally efficient generators of economic wealth. They must therefore have a central place in the management of the economy. But markets sometimes fail, requiring direct government intervention through instruments such as industry policy. There are also areas where the public good dictates that there should be no market at all. We are not afraid of a vision in the Labor Party, but nor are we afraid of doing the hard policy yards necessary to turn that vision into reality. Parties of the Centre Left around the world are wrestling with a similar challenge—the creation of a competitive economy while advancing the overriding imperative of a just society. Some call this the `third way'. The nomenclature is unimportant. What is important is that it is a repudiation of Thatcherism and its Australian derivatives represented opposite. It is in fact a new formulation of the nation's economic and social imperatives.[14]

Rudd is critical of free market economists such as Friedrich Hayek,[15] although Rudd describes himself as "basically a conservative when it comes to questions of public financial management", pointing to his slashing of public service jobs as a Queensland governmental advisor.[16]

[edit] United Kingdom

Former Prime Minister Tony Blair of the United Kingdom is cited as a Third Way politician.[17][18] According to a former Tony Blair staff member, UK Labour and Blair learnt from, and owe a debt to the Australian Bob Hawke government in the 1980s on how to govern as a 'third way' party when they took power in the 1990s.[19] Blair is a particular follower of the ideas of Anthony Giddens.[20]. and Current UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown also is considered to be.

Harold Macmillan's book The Middle Way, first published in 1938, is also written from broadly this centrist position.

[edit] United States

In the United States, Third Way adherents emphasize fiscal conservatism, some replacement of welfare with workfare, and a stronger preference for market solutions to traditional problems (as in pollution markets), while rejecting pure laissez-faire economics and other libertarian positions. The Third Way style of governing was firmly adopted and partly redefined during the Administration of President Bill Clinton.[21]

After Tony Blair came to power in the UK, Clinton, Blair and other leading Third Way adherents organized conferences to promote the Third Way in 1997 at Chequers in England.[22][23] The Democratic Leadership Council are adherents of Third Way politics.[24]

In 2004, several veteran U.S. Democrats founded a new Washington, DC organization entitled Third Way, which bills itself as a "strategy center for progressives."[25] John Kerry of 2004 U.S. Democrats Presidential candidate is also considered to be third way politician[citation needed], as are 2008 U.S. Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton[26] and Barack Obama[27].

[edit] Canada

In Canada following the election of Jean Chrétien and the Liberal Party of Canada in 1993 the new government became focused on debt and deficit reduction, leading to a fiscally conservative agenda cutting billions of dollars from provincial transfer payments and other areas of government funding. The Liberals managed to eliminate a 42 billion dollar deficit and pay down 36 billion dollars in debt. However, these steep funding cuts led to a massive decline in the quality of healthcare services, a lack of resources for the Canadian military, and charges by the provinces and municipalities of federal downloading.

Unlike previous Liberal governments in the late 20th century, the Chretien government pursued corporate tax cuts and the expansion of "free trade", leading to the negotiation of NAFTA in 1994. As of 2007 the Liberal Party of Canada still advocates a social liberal agenda based on balanced budgets, support for globalization and fiscal "moderation".

Canada's largest leftwing party, the New Democratic Party has also experimented with the so called "Third Way" at various times. During the government of Roy Romanow in the province of Saskatchewan from 1991 - 2003 the Saskatchewan NDP broke with its socialist past and followed a very conservative agenda with the goal of reducing the province's debt. This was characterized by a program of hospital closures, program cuts and privatization. Romanow would later claim to be a "disciple" of the "Third Way" ideology of Tony Blair.

The Province of Ontario's only NDP premier Bob Rae also followed a very fiscally conservative agenda during his government (1990-1995). Ontario was experiencing its worst recession since the Great Depression when Bob Rae was elected into office. After 1991 the government introduced budget cutbacks, reopened collective bargaining agreements with the public sector unions (the "Social Contract") and put a cap on enrollment into medical schools [2] The Social Contract which imposed a wage freeze on public sector workers and forced them to take ten days off per year without pay (Rae Days) led to a split between the Ontario NDP and their historic allies, the labour unions (the Ontario Public Service Employees Union and the Canadian Auto Workers) [3].

Bob Rae also failed to deliver on one of his key campaign promises of introducing public auto insurance drawing intense criticism from the leftwing of his own party. In 1995 the NDP went down to an historic defeat at the hands of the province's Progressive Conservatives led by Mike Harris. In spite of the improving electoral fortunates of the federal NDP in the province of Ontario, the Ontario NDP has yet to make any significant gains. In 2002 Bob Rae wrote a piece to one of Canada's most rightwing newspapers, the National Post entitled "Parting Company with the NDP" where he criticized the party for rejecting the "third way" of Tony Blair and opposing globalization. The Ontario NDP has also thoroughly washed its hands of Bob Rae and recommitted itself to social democracy, with leader Howard Hampton citing the policies of the Swedish Social Democrats as reflecting his own beliefs. In 2006 Bob Rae joined the Liberal Party of Canada and ran for the party's leadership, coming in third. He has announced however that he will run as a Liberal in the next federal election.

After declining fortunes in the early 1990s the federal NDP also followed a more centrist agenda under leader Alexa McDonough leading NDP members and supporters including CAW president Buzz Hargrove to call for her resignation. After two modest election results the NDP chose Jack Layton as its leader in 2003 [4]. Layton vowed never to move the NDP into the "mushy middle". As of the 2006 election the NDP won 29 seats and 17.5% of the popular vote (their highest number of votes since 1988). This has been largely at the expense of the Liberals.

[edit] Other

Other leaders who have adopted elements of the Third Way style of governance include Marianne Jelved of Denmark, François Bayrou of France, Gerhard Schröder of Germany,[28] Ferenc Gyurcsány of Hungary, Wim Kok of the Netherlands and Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali of Pakistan, whose book's preface was written by Anthony Giddens.

[edit] Criticism

In the 1920s, Ludwig von Mises, an Austrian School economist and classical liberal thinker, accused the "middle way" of mixing capitalism and socialism. In his book Liberalism Mises wrote, "There is simply no other choice than this: either to abstain from interference in the free play of the market, or to delegate the entire management of production and distribution to the government. Either capitalism or socialism: there exists no middle way."[29] Advocates of laissez-faire capitalism continue to be staunch opponents of a mixed economy, the "third way." In 1990, after the fall of his country's communist government, Czechoslovakia's finance minister, Václav Klaus, declared, "We want a market economy without any adjectives. Any compromises with that will only fuzzy up the problems we have. To pursue a so-called Third Way is foolish. We had our experience with this in the 1960s when we looked for a socialism with a human face. It did not work, and we must be explicit that we are not aiming for a more efficient version of a system that has failed. The market is indivisible; it cannot be an instrument the hands of central planners."[30] More recently, a critic of capitalist-socialist hybridization wrote, "Third-Way economics is merely another political trial balloon. The politicians are still simply trying to twist fattened, round socialism into a lean, square, free-market hole, mainly to solicit our vote."[31]

Third way is sometimes described as an idea of former social-democrats which replaces socialism with capitalism and a minimum of socialism, and a strategy to bring the social-democratic parties back to power where they have lost elections. For example, Slavoj Zizek argues that the notion of the Third Way emerged as the only alternative to the victorious global capitalism and its notion of liberal democracy when the Second Way crumbled.[32] Critics argue that third way politicians are in favour of ideas and policies that ultimately serve the interests of corporate power and the wealthy at the expense of the working class and the poor. Some also classify the Third Way as neosocialism or "neoliberalism with a social touch".[33][34] In many western nations where social democratic or "socialist" parties have adopted centrist or third way policies or have been seen by some as doing so, many new leftwing parties have been able to attract voters disillusioned with the traditional left. These include The Left Party of Germany (formerly the Party of Democratic Socialism), the Left Party of Sweden, the Socialist Party of Ireland and Sinn Fein, The Respect Party of the United Kingdom, the Scottish Socialist Party, the Citizen and Republican Movement and the Communist Party of France and the United Left of Spain to name a few.

Charles Clarke, a former UK home secretary and the first senior "Blairite" to attack UK Prime Minister Brown openly and in print, stated "We should discard the techniques of 'triangulation' and 'dividing lines' with the Conservatives, which lead to the not entirely unjustified charge that we simply follow proposals from the Conservatives or the right-wing media, to minimise differences and remove lines of attack against us."[35]

[edit] See also

This entry is related to, but not included in the Political ideologies series or one of its sub-series. Other related articles can be found at the Politics Portal.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Democratic Leadership Council, About the Third Way. Retrieved on 2007-07-07.
  2. ^ Dale, R. (4 April, 2000). Thinking Ahead / Commentary : What a 'Third Way' Is Really About. The International Herland.. Retrieved on 2007-07-07.
  3. ^ The Third Way, University of Texas Accessed 2007
  4. ^ Democratic Leadership Council. (1 June, 1998). About the Third Way.. Retrieved on 2007-07-11.
  5. ^ Progressives Rising Down Under?
  6. ^ FrontPage Magazine
  7. ^ Obama's Third Way
  8. ^ Bashan, P. (5 November, 2002). Is the Third Way at a Dead End? Cato Institute.. Retrieved on 2007-07-07.
  9. ^ Third Way Debate Summary
  10. ^ University of Texas, Third Way
  11. ^ What is the Third Way? BBC, 1999
  12. ^ John Quiggin - Journal Articles 1997 - Economic rationalism
  13. ^ The Whitlam Institute: The Whitlam Collection: Tariff Reduction
  14. ^ Rudd, Kevin (11 November 1998). First Speech to Parliament. Parliament of Australia. Retrieved on 2006-12-09.
  15. ^ Rudd, Kevin (16 November 2006). What's Wrong with the Right. Retrieved on 2006-12-09.; Hartcher, Peter (14 October 2006). Howard's warriors sweep all before them. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  16. ^ New Labor Leader Outlines Plan. The 7.30 Report (4 December 2006). Retrieved on 2006-12-05.; Labor elects new leader. The 7.30 Report (4 December 2006). Retrieved on 2006-12-05.
  17. ^ www.third-way.info is coming soon!
  18. ^ Leader: Blair's new third way | Politics | The Observer
  19. ^ How the British came, saw and helped Rudd - National - theage.com.au
  20. ^ BBC News | UK Politics | All aboard the Third Way
  21. ^ The Survivor:Bill Clinton in the White House, John F Harris, Random House, 2005
  22. ^ The Clinton Wars, Sidney Blumenthal, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003
  23. ^ BBC News | EUROPE | 'Third Way' gets world hearing
  24. ^ DLC: About The Third Way
  25. ^ Third Way:
  26. ^ FrontPage Magazine
  27. ^ Obama's Third Way
  28. ^ BBC News | EUROPE | 'Third Way' gets world hearing
  29. ^ Mises, Ludwig von [1] Liberalism, 1927. (Source English translation, 1985.)
  30. ^ No Third Way Out: Creating A Capitalist Czechoslovakia Reason, June 1990. Accessed April 22, 2007.
  31. ^ Delay, Katy Harwood. The return of the Third Way. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Accessed April 22, 2007.
  32. ^ Slavoj Zizek, Attempts to Escape the Logic of Capitalism
  33. ^ Neosocialism versus Neoliberalism?
  34. ^ National Review: Reinventing socialism: the triumph of neosocialism is the defining characteristic of politics today
  35. ^ http://www.theage.com.au/text/articles/2008/05/07/1210131068738.html

[edit] External links

[edit] Criticism