The election of Uthman

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Sunni Islam

Uthman

The Rashidun Caliph
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Uthman ibn Affan, the third caliph, was chosen by a council meeting in Medina, in northwestern Arabia, in 23 AH (644) [1].

The second caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab, was stabbed by an angry Persian slave. Mindful of the tumults that had occurred after the death of Muhammad (see Succession to Muhammad), on his deathbed Umar appointed a committee of six men, to choose a new leader.

Contents

[edit] Preparation

He wished this consultation, or shura, to survive the strictest criticism. The six men were:

Umar's expectation seems to have been that the group should choose one among themselves who would be acceptable to all.

Talha was absent and did not reach Medina until after the decision had been made. The choice of a new ruler for the new Islamic empire fell to five men.

[edit] Accounts

At his death bed, Umar ibn al-Khattab (d.644) nominated a board of six members who were required to elect one of themselves as the next caliph. The group consisted of Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Uthman ibn Affan. Out of the six members, Zubair withdrew his candidature in favor of Ali. Talha withdrew in favor of Uthman and Sad ibn Abi Waqas withdrew in favor of Abd al-Rahman. Out of the three remaining candidates Abd al-Rahman decided to withdraw, leaving Uthman and Ali. Abd al-Rahman was appointed as the arbitrator to choose between the remaining two candidates. Contacting the two candidates separately, he put to them the question whether they would follow in the footsteps of the previous caliphs. Ali said that he would do so as far as posssible subject to his best judgement in the light of the Quran and Sunnah. Uthman replied to the question in the affirmative without any reservation. Thereupon, Abd al-Rahman gave his verdict in favor of The election of Uthman.[2]

Accounts of this consultation vary widely.

An accepted sunni version of this account shows a tie in votes between all three Uthman, Abd Al Rahman and Ali where Uthman and Ali voted in favor of their respective partner in the elections. Then Abd Al Rahman suggested to allow him to withdraw his candidature at the cost of the choice for leadership between the two remaining candidates. He was allowed to do so and he chose Uthman as the new caliph.

[edit] Wilferd Madelung

According to the historian Wilferd Madelung, only Uthman and Ali were willing to take the burden of the caliphate. Each of them said that he was willing to swear allegiance to the other if not chosen. It was up to the three remaining members to make the choice. Sa'd is said to have slightly favored Ali. Al-Zubayr supported Uthman. 'Abd al-Rahman thus had the deciding vote. According to Madelung's account of the shura, 'Abd al-Rahman delayed announcing his choice until he faced a public meeting at the mosque, where he announced his choice of Uthman. Ali, who was present, was thus under pressure to immediately give his allegiance, his bay'ah, to Uthman, which he did accordingly.

[edit] Al-Tabari

The early Muslim historian Al-Tabari gives a more detailed version of Umar's supposed words setting up the consultation [3].

A narration reports:

“ O group of Muhajireen! Verily, the Apostle of God died, and he was pleased with all six of you. I have, therefore, decided to make it (the selection of khalifa) a matter of consultation among you, so that you may select one of yourselves as khalifa. If five of you agree upon one man, and there is one who is opposed to the five, kill him. If four are one side and two on the other, kill the two. And if three are on one side and three on the other, then Abdur Rahman ibn Auf will have the casting vote, and the khalifa will be selected from his party. In that case, kill the three men on the opposing side. You may, if you wish, invite some of the chief men of the Ansar as observers but the khalifa must be one of you Muhajireen, and not any of them. They have no share in the khilafat. And your selection of the new khalifa must be made within three days [4]. ”

[edit] John Glubb

The British historian John Glubb summarizes the matter thus:

“ Umar had prescribed a maximum of three days for their (the electoral committee's) deliberations. At the end of that period, they must willy-nilly unanimously choose a khalif. In the event of the decision not being unanimous, the majority candidate was to be adopted, the members of the minority being all immediately put to death. ”

[edit] Aslan

Some accounts say that Uthman was chosen because he promised to continue the policies of Abu Bakr and Umar, whereas Ali would make no such promise [5].

[edit] Suyuti

Suyuti quotes the following:

A narration attributed to Amr ibn Maimun reports:

“ (continuing from Hadith of the killing of Umar) ...When they finished burying him and had returned, that group gathered and 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn 'Auf said, 'Delegate your authority to three among you.' Az-Zubayr said, 'I delegate my authority to 'Ali.' Sa'd said, 'I delegate my authority to 'Abd ar-Rahman.' Talhah said, 'I delegate my authority to 'Uthman.' He continued: so there remained these three. 'Abd ar-Rahman said, 'I don't want it. Which of you two will be quit of this matter and we will entrust it to him (the remaining one)? And Allah is his witness and Islam, let him consider in himself who is the best of them and let him be eager for the benefit of the ummah.' The two Shaykhs, 'Ali and 'Uthman were silent. 'Abd ar-Rahman said, 'Delegate me and, Allah is my witness, I will not fail you in choosing the best of you.' They said, 'Yes.' Then he went apart with 'Ali and said, 'You have that precedence in Islam and kinship with the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, which you know. Allah is your witness; if I give you authority, will you be just, and if I give authority (to 'Uthman) over you, will you hear and obey?' He said, 'Yes.' Then he went apart with the other and said to him the same thing. When he had their agreement, he pledged allegiance to 'Uthman and 'Ali pledged allegiance to him [6]. ”

[edit] Shia view

Shi'a Muslims argue that the election should not have happened at all. They say that Muhammad had clearly indicated that he wished Ali to succeed him (see Succession to Muhammad) and that every successive choice of a different caliph was defiance of Muhammad's wishes. Ali did not desire power; he wanted to carry out the duties he had been given by his cousin Muhammad. Shi'a also deny that Ali gave his allegiance to Uthman. Ali is quoted saying:

But good Heavens! what had I to do with this "consultation"? Where was any doubt about me with regard to the first of them (caliphs) that I was now considered akin to these ones (in this consultation)? Sermon of ash-Shiqshiqiyyah

and:

"You (Uthman) know very well that I deserve the caliphate more than anyone else" (Nahj al Balagha sermon 77)

Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi, a 21st century Shi'a twelver Islamic scholar writes:

“ On the third day, 'Abdu 'r-Rahman ibn 'Awf withdrew his name and told 'Ali that he would make him caliph if; Ali pledged to follow the Book of Allah, the traditions of the Holy Prophet and the system of Abu Bakr and 'Umar. 'Abdu 'r-Rahman knew very well what his reply would be. 'Ali (as) said, "I follow the Book of Allah, the traditions of the Holy Prophet and my own beliefs."

Then 'Abdu'r-Rahman put the same conditions to 'Uthman, who readily accepted. Thus, 'Abdu 'r-Rahman declared 'Uthman to be the caliph.

'Ali (as) told 'Abdu r-Rahman: "By Allah, you did not do it but with the same hope which he ('Umar) had from his friend." (He meant that 'Abdu 'r-Rahman had made 'Uthman caliph hoping that 'Uthman would nominate him as his successor.)

Then 'Ali said, "May Allah create enmity between you two." After a few years 'Abdu 'r Rahman and 'Uthman grew to hate each others; they did not talk to each other till 'Abdu'r Rahman died.

'Uthman, the third Caliph, was killed by the Muslims who were not happy with his nepotism. The circumstances did not provide him the opportunity to choose his own successor. Muslims were, for the first time, really free to select or elect a caliph of their choice; they flocked to the door of 'Ali (as) [7].

 ”

Aalimnetwork on Al-islam.org quotes:

A narration reports:

“ Abbas, Imam's uncle, came to him and said
"Ali, do not take part in this council. I know the biases of the Arab, they rule according to their kinship, everyone in the council except Zubair is a relative of Uthman, they will vote for him."

Imam (AS) said

"I know them better but if I do not go, they will have an excuse and will say 'Ali himself was not interested in the Khillafa and did not care about it'." [8]
 ”

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ The Earliest Dated Kufic Inscription From Qa` al-Mu`tadil, Near Al-Hijr (Saudi Arabia), 24 AH / 644 CE
  2. ^ Masudul Hasan, Hadrat Ali, Islamic Publications Ltd. Lahore
  3. ^ These may not be his exact words; the trustworthiness of the early oral traditions are much disputed, see Historiography of early Islam
  4. ^ History of the Prophets and Kings by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Vol 3, pp. 294-295
  5. ^ Aslan, No God But God, 2005
  6. ^ History of the Caliphs by Suyuti [1]
  7. ^ Imamate: The Vicegerency of the Prophet Al-islam.org [2]
  8. ^ Aalimnetwork on Al-islam.org

also:

  • Aslan, Reza -- No God But God, Random House, 2005.
  • Glubb, Sir John Bagot -- The Great Arab Conquests, 1967.
  • Madelung, W. -- The Succession to Muhammad, Cambridge University Press, 1997.

[edit] External links