The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power

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Time
Cover page in Time's issue: "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power"

Cover page in Time's issue: "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power"
Writer Richard Behar
Categories Investigative journalism
Frequency Published in Time, May, 1991, and Reader's Digest, October 1991
First issue May 6, 1991
Country Flag of the United States United States
Website Cover Story

"The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power" is a Time magazine article highly critical of Scientology that was first published on May 6, 1991 as an eight-page cover story.[1][2] Written by investigative journalist Richard Behar, the article was later published in Reader's Digest in October 1991.[3] Behar had previously published an article on Scientology in Forbes magazine. He stated that he was investigated by attorneys and private investigators affiliated with the Church of Scientology while researching the Time article, and that investigators contacted his friends and family as well. Behar's article covers topics including: L. Ron Hubbard and the development of Scientology, its controversies over the years and history of litigation, conflict with psychiatry and the IRS, the suicide of a Scientologist, its status as a religion, and its business dealings.

After the article's publication, the Church of Scientology mounted a public relations campaign to inform the public of what it felt were falsehoods in the piece. It took out advertisements in USA Today for twelve weeks, and Church leader David Miscavige was interviewed by Ted Koppel on Nightline about what he considered to be an objective bias by the article's author. Miscavige alleged that the article was actually driven by the company Eli Lilly, because of Scientology's efforts against the drug Prozac. The Church of Scientology brought a libel suit against Time Warner and Behar, and sued Reader's Digest in multiple countries in Europe in an attempt to stop the article's publication there. The suit against Time Warner was dismissed in 1996, and the Church of Scientology's petition for a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States in the case was denied in 2001.

Behar received awards in honor of his work on the article, including the Gerald Loeb Award, the Worth Bingham Prize, and the Conscience-in-Media Award. In commentary on the piece, the book Let Them Eat Prozac was critical, and the book Unsecular Media characterized one of the segments of the article an atrocity tale. The article has had ramifications in the current treatment of Scientology in the media, with some publications theorizing that journalists are wary of the litigation that Time Warner went through. The article has been cited by Anderson Cooper on CNN, in a story on Panorama's 2007 program "Scientology and Me" on the BBC, and has been used as a reference for background on the history of Scientology, in books from both the cult and new religious movement perspectives.

Contents

[edit] Research for the article

Before penning "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power", Behar had written a 1986 article in Forbes magazine, "The Prophet and Profits of Scientology", which reported on the Church of Scientology's business dealings and L. Ron Hubbard's financial success.[4] Behar wrote that during research for "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power", he and a Time contributing editor were themselves investigated by ten attorneys and six private investigators affiliated with the Church of Scientology.[5][6][7][8] According to Behar, investigators contacted his friends and previous work associates to ask them if he had a history of tax or drug problems, and obtained a copy of his personal credit report which had been illegally accessed from a national credit bureau.[8][9][6][10] Behar conducted 150 interviews in the course of his research for the article.[11]

Behar wrote that the motive of these operatives was to "threaten, harass and discredit him".[5][8] He later learned that the Church of Scientology had assigned its head private investigator to orchestrate the Church's investigation into Behar.[8] Anderson Cooper 360 reported that Behar had been contacted by Church of Scientology attorneys numerous times while doing research on the article.[12] The parents of Noah Lottick, a Scientologist who had committed suicide, cooperated with Time and Reader's Digest.[13]

[edit] Synopsis

The full title of the article is "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power: Ruined lives. Lost fortunes. Federal crimes. Scientology poses as a religion but is really a ruthless global scam - and aiming for the mainstream".[14][15] The article reported on the founding of the Church of Scientology by L. Ron Hubbard and controversies involving the Church and its affiliated business operations, as well as the suicide of a Scientologist.[13][2] The article related the May 11, 1990, suicide of Dr. Edward Lottick's son Noah Antrim Lottick.[13] Noah Lottick was a Russian studies student who had taken a series of Scientology courses; he died after jumping from a hotel tenth floor window.[16] The Church of Scientology and Lottick's family have differing positions on the effect Scientology coursework had on him. While none of the parties assigned blame, they expressed misgivings about his death. Initially, his father had thought that Scientology was similar to Dale Carnegie's techniques; however, after his ordeal, Dr. Lottick came to believe that the organization is a "school for psychopaths".[17] Mike Rinder, the head of the Church of Scientology's Office of Special Affairs and a Church spokesman, stated "I think Ed Lottick should look in the mirror...I think Ed Lottick made his son's life intolerable".[16]

The article outlined a brief history of Scientology, discussing L. Ron Hubbard's initial background as a science fiction writer, and cited a California judge who had deemed Hubbard to be a "pathological liar".[2] The Church of Scientology's litigation history was described, in addition to its conflicts with the Internal Revenue Service, with countries regarding whether or not to accept it as a religion, and its position against psychiatry.[2] Behar wrote of the expensive costs involved in participation in the Church of Scientology, and what he referred to as "front groups and financial scams", and harassment of critics.[7] He estimated that the Church of Scientology paid USD$20 million annually to over one hundred attorneys.[7] Behar maintained that though the Church of Scientology portrays itself as a religion, it was actually a "hugely profitable global racket" which intimidated members and critics in a Mafia-like manner.[18][19][6]

Cynthia Kisser, then director of the Cult Awareness Network, was quoted as saying: "Scientology is quite likely the most ruthless, the most classically terroristic, the most litigious and the most lucrative cult the country has ever seen. No cult extracts more money from its members".[2][20] This quote has since been referenced verbatim in other secondary sources discussing Scientology.[20][2]

[edit] Post-publication

[edit] Church of Scientology's response

The Church of Scientology responded to the publication of "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power" by taking out color full-page ads in USA Today in May and June 1991, on every weekday for twelve weeks, protesting the Time magazine cover article.[21] Two official Church of Scientology responses were titled "Facts vs. Fiction, A Correction of Falsehoods Contained in the May 6, 1991 Issues of Time Magazine", and "The Story That Time Couldn't Tell".[22] Prior to the advertising campaign, Scientologists distributed 88-page bound booklets which disputed points from Behar's article.[23] The "Fact vs. Fiction" piece was a quarter-inch thick booklet, which criticized Behar's article and asserted "Behar's article omits the information on the dozens of community service programs conducted by Scientologists ... which have been acknowledged by community officials".[24] One of the advertisements in USA Today accused Time of promoting Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, and featured a 1936 issue of Time which had Hitler's picture on the front cover.[25] The Church of Scientology sent out a news release condemning Time's "horrible history of supporting fascism," and said that the article was written because Time had been pressured by "vested interests".[23] When asked by the St. Petersburg Times if this was the case, Time Executive Editor Richard Duncan responded "Good Lord, no".[23] Heber Jentzsch, at the time president of Church of Scientology International, released a four-page news release which stated "Advertising is the only way the church could be assured of getting its message and its side of the story out to the public without the same vested interests behind the Time article distorting it".[25]

After the advertising run critiquing Time magazine in USA Today had completed, the Church of Scientology mounted a USD$3 million public relations campaign about Scientology in USA Today, in June 1991.[26] The Church of Scientology placed a 48-page advertising supplement in 1.8 million copies of USA Today.[26] In a statement to the St. Petersburg Times, Scientology spokesman Richard Haworth explained "What we are trying to do is put the actual facts of dianetics and Scientology out there".[26]

In response to the Church of Scientology's claims of inaccuracies in the article, a lawyer for Time responded "We've reviewed all of their allegations, and find nothing wrong with the Time story."[27] In June 1991, Newsweek reported that staffers for Time said they had received calls from a man claiming to be a paralegal for Time, who asked them if they had signed a confidentiality form about the article.[27] Time editors sent staffers a computer memo, warning them about calls related to the article, and staffers told Newsweek that "sources named in the story say detectives have asked about their talks with Time".[27] A Church of Scientology spokesman called the claims "scurrilous".[27]

On February 14, 1992, Church leader David Miscavige gave Ted Koppel his first interview on Scientology on the ABC News program Nightline.[28] The program noted that Scientology has vocal critics and cited Behar's 1991 article. Behar appeared on the program and gave his opinion of why individuals join Scientology, stating that the "ulterior motive" is really to get people to take high-priced audit counseling.[28] Behar stated on the program that he had evidence that members of the Church of Scientology had obtained his personal phone records.[28] Later in the program, Koppel questioned Miscavige on the Church of Scientology's response to the Time magazine article, particularly the $3 million the church spent advertising in USA Today.[28] Miscavige explained that the first three weeks of the advertising campaign was meant to correct falsehoods from the Time article, and the rest of the twelve-week campaign was dedicated to informing the public about Scientology. Koppel asked Miscavige what specifically had upset him about the Time article, and Miscavige called Behar "a hater".[28] Miscavige noted that Behar had written an article on Scientology and the Internal Revenue Service three years before he began work on the Time piece, and made allegations that Behar had attempted to get two Scientologists kidnapped. When Koppel questioned Miscavige further on this, Miscavige said that individuals had contacted Behar after an earlier article, and Behar had told them to "kidnap Scientologists out".[28] Koppel pressed further, noting that this was a serious charge to make, and asked Miscavige if his allegations were accurate, why he had not pressed charges for attempted kidnapping. Miscavige said Koppel was "missing the issue," and said that his real point was that he thought the article was not an objective piece.[28]

Miscavige alleged on Nightline that the article itself was published from a request by Eli Lilly, due to "the damage we had caused to their killer drug Prozac".[28] When Koppel asked Miscavige if he had affidavits or evidence to this effect, Miscavige responded "You think they'd admit it?"[28] Miscavige stated that "Eli Lilly ordered a reprint of 750,000 copies of Time magazine before it came out," and that his attempts to investigate the matter with Eli Lilly and associated advertising companies were not successful.[28]

[edit] Litigation

Docket of Church of Scientology International v. Time Warner, Inc., Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States denied.
Docket of Church of Scientology International v. Time Warner, Inc., Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of the United States denied.

The Church brought a libel lawsuit against Time Warner and Behar, seeking damages of $416 million.[9][29] The Church alleged false and defamatory statements were made concerning the Church of Scientology International in the Time article.[30] More specifically, the Church of Scientology's court statements claimed that Behar had been refining an anti-Scientology focus since his 1986 article in Forbes, which included gathering negative materials about Scientology, and "never accepting anything a Scientologist said and uniformly ignoring anything positive he learned about the Church".[30] In its initial complaint filing, the Church quoted portions of the Behar article that it alleged were false and defamatory, including the quote from Cynthia Kisser, and Behar's own assertion that Scientology was a "global racket" that intimidated individuals in a "Mafia-like manner".[30]

Noah Lottick's parents submitted affidavits in the case, in which they "affirmed the accuracy of each statement in the article," and Dr. Lottick "concluded that Scientology therapies were manipulations, and that no Scientology staff members attended the funeral [of their son.]".[30] During the litigation, the Church of Scientology attempted to subpoena Behar in a separate ongoing lawsuit with the Internal Revenue Service, and accused a federal magistrate of leaking information to him.[16] Behar was questioned for over one hundred and ninety hours during thirty days of depositions with Scientology attorneys in the libel case.[16] One question was about Behar's life in his parents' home while he was still inside the womb.[16] St. Petersburg Times explained that this question was prompted by Scientology teachings that certain problems come from prenatal memories.[16] Behar told the St. Petersburg Times he "felt it was extremely excessive".[16] In a countersuit, Behar brought up the issues of Church of Scientology private investigators and what he viewed as harassment.[16][9] By July 1996, all counts of the libel suit had been dismissed.[31][12] In the course of the litigation through 1996, Time Warner had spent $3.7 million in legal defense costs.[16] The Church of Scientology also sued several individuals quoted in the Time article.[16]

The Church of Scientology sued Reader's Digest in Switzerland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany for publishing a condensed version of the Time story.[32] The only court to provide a temporary injunction was in Lausanne, Switzerland.[33] In France, Italy and the Netherlands, the courts either dismissed the Church of Scientology's motions, or set injunction hearings far beyond the date of actual publication.[32] The company defied the injunction and mailed copies of the article, "Scientology: A Dangerous Cult Goes Mainstream," to their 326,000 Swiss subscribers.[32] Worldwide editor-in-chief of Reader's Digest, Kenneth Tomlinson, told The New York Times that "a publisher cannot accept a court prohibiting distribution of a serious journalistic piece. ... The court order violates freedom of speech and freedom of the press".[32] The Church of Scientology subsequently filed a criminal complaint against the Digest in Lausanne, and Mike Rinder stated it was in blatant violation of the law.[32] By defying the Swiss court ban, the Reader's Digest risked a fine of about $3,400, as well as a potential three months of jail time for the Swiss Digest editor-in-chief.[32] A hearing on the injunction was set for November 11, 2001, and the injunction was later lifted by the Swiss court.[32][34]

Certiorari record in United States Reports.
Certiorari record in United States Reports.

In January 2001, a United States Federal Appeals Court upheld the dismissal of the Church of Scientology International's case against Time Warner.[35] In its opinion, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that Time Warner had not published "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power" with an actual intent of malice,[36] a standard that must be met for libel cases involving individuals and public groups.[36] On October 1, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States refused to consider reinstating the church's libel case Church of Scientology International v. Time Warner Inc., 00-1683.[36][37] Time Warner said it refused to be "intimidated by the church's apparently limitless legal resources."[36] In arguments presented to the Supreme Court, the Church of Scientology acknowledged that church officials had "committed improper acts" in the past, but also claimed that: "allegations of past misconduct were false and distorted, the result of the misunderstanding, suspicion and prejudice that typically greet a new religion".[36] Of the rulings for Time Warner, the Church of Scientology complained that they "provide a safe harbor for biased journalism".[36] Behar commented on the Church of Scientology's legal defeat, and said that the lawsuit had a chilling effect: "It's a tremendous defeat for Scientology ... But of course their doctrine states that the purpose of a suit is to harass, not to win, so from that perspective they hurt us all. They've had a real chilling effect on journalism, both before and after my piece".[14]

[edit] Awards

As a result of writing the piece, Behar was presented with the 1992 Gerald Loeb Award for distinguished business and financial journalism, the Worth Bingham Prize,[38] the Conscience-in-Media Award from the American Society of Journalists and Authors,[31][39] awarded to "those who have demonstrated singular commitment to the highest principles of journalism at notable personal cost or sacrifice,"[40] and the Leo J. Ryan Award, in honor of Congressman Leo J. Ryan.[41][42] Paulette Cooper was also awarded the 1992 Conscience-in-Media Award by the American Society of Journalists and Authors, for her book The Scandal of Scientology.[39] This was the only time in the history of the American Society of Journalists and Authors that the award was presented to more than one journalist in the same year.[39]

In a February 1992 issue of Time, editor Elizabeth Valk congratulated Behar on his Conscience in Media Award, stating "Needless to say, we are delighted and proud".[40] Valk noted that the honor had only been awarded seven times in the previous seventeen years of its existence.[40] Managing editor Henry Muller also congratulated Behar in an April 1992 issue of Time.[43]

[edit] Analysis

Several authors have commented on the article and used it as a reference for background on Scientology.[2][12] Not all analysis of the article has been positive. David Healy's book criticizing the pharmaceutical industry, Let Them Eat Prozac, was critical of the Time article, saying that "Even Saddam Hussein was portrayed less badly". Healy addressed the article's claim that lawsuits were one of the Church's key tactics against enemies. He noted that the Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR), a Church of Scientology affiliated group discussed in the article, had filed a petition with the Food and Drug Administration inquiring what it was going to do about Prozac. Healy dismissed the notion that CCHR engaged in "orchestrated campaigns," writing that very few of the fifty lawsuits filed against Prozac were related to the Church of Scientology.[2] Mark Silk criticized Behar's article in his book Unsecular Media: Making News of Religion in America.[44] Silk classified the work among what he referred to as the "false-prophecy topos," and characterized Behar's account of Noah Lottick's suicide as an atrocity tale.[44]

Insane Therapy noted that Scientology "achieved more notoriety ... with the publication of the journalist Richard Behar's highly critical article".[7] Larson's Book of World Religions and Alternative Spirituality described the cover design of the article as it appeared in Time, writing that it "shouted" the headline from the magazine cover.[18] In a 2005 piece, Salon.com magazine noted that for those interested in the Church of Scientology, the Time article still remains a "milestone in news coverage," and that those who back the Church believe it was "an outrageously biased account".[19]

[edit] Legacy

The Church of Scientology's use of private investigators was cited in a 1998 article in The Boston Herald, and compared to Behar's experiences when researching "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power".[5] After the paper ran a five-part series of critical articles in 1998, Church of Scientology President Heber Jentzsch confirmed that a private investigative firm was hired to look into the personal life of Joseph Mallia, the reporter who wrote the articles.[5] In a later piece titled "Church of Scientology probes Herald reporter — Investigation follows pattern of harassment" this investigation was likened to Behar's assertions of harassment, as well as other reporters' experiences from 1974, 1988, and 1997.[5]

Due to the controversial history between Readers Digest and Scientology, the writer of a 2005 cover story on Tom Cruise agreed to certain demands, including giving Scientology issues equal play in the writer's profile of Cruise, submitting questions for Cruise to Church of Scientology handlers, and sending the writer of the article to a one-day Church immersion course.[45] Also in 2005, an article in Salon questioned whether the tactics of the Church's litigation and private investigations of Time Warner and other media sources had succeeded in decreasing the amount of investigative journalism pieces on Scientology in the press.[19] A 2005 article in The Sunday Times cited the article, and came to the determination that the Church of Scientology's lawsuit against Time Warner "served to warn off other potential investigations," and that "The chill evidently lingers still".[46]

"The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power" continues to be used today by journalists in the media, as a reference for historical information on the Church of Scientology.[47][48][49][50] In April 2007, CNN anchor Anderson Cooper interviewed Office of Special Affairs director Mike Rinder live, in a piece on Anderson Cooper 360 titled "Inside Scientology".[12] The CNN story was prompted by the May 2007 airing of a BBC Panorama investigative program, "Scientology and Me". In the interview, Anderson Cooper quoted directly from "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power" article, when asking Rinder about the history of Operation Snow White, and if those tactics were currently used by the Church.[12] Rinder answered by stating that the individuals involved with Operation Snow White were no longer involved in Church of Scientology activities, and that the incident was "ancient history". Cooper then again referenced the Time magazine article noting that Behar asserted that he was illegally investigated by Scientology contacts during research for his article.[12] Cooper questioned Rinder on the dismissed lawsuit against Time Warner, and Rinder acknowledged that all of the Church of Scientology's appeals against Time Warner were eventually thrown out.[12]

The article has been cited as a reference used for background on Scientology in books which take a critical look at cults such as Larson's Book of World Religions and Alternative Spirituality and Insane Therapy: Portrait of a Psychotherapy Cult,[18][7] those that analyze new religious movements including Understanding New Religious Movements and The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements,[51][52] and in a work that includes researchers from both schools of thought, Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field.[53]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Behar, Richard. "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power", Time Magazine, May 6, 1991. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Healy, David (2004). Let Them Eat Prozac: The Unhealthy Relationship Between the Pharmaceutical Industry and Depression. NYU Press, Page 58. ISBN 0814736696. 
  3. ^ Staff. "A Dangerous Cult Goes Mainstream", Readers Digest, October 1991. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  4. ^ Behar, Richard. "The Prophet and Profits of Scientology", Forbes magazine, Forbes, October 27, 1986. 
  5. ^ a b c d e MacLaughlin, Jim; Andrew Gully. "Church of Scientology probes Herald reporter — Investigation follows pattern of harassment.", The Boston Herald, March 19, 1998. 
  6. ^ a b c Kincaid, Cliff; Sherrie Gossett. "The Press and Scientology", Accuracy in Media, June 20, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  7. ^ a b c d e Ayella, Marybeth F. (1998). Insane Therapy: Portrait of a Psychotherapy Cult. Temple University Press, Page 9. ISBN 1566396018. 
  8. ^ a b c d Linn, Virginia; Alana Semuels. "PostScript: When scientologists aren't so clear: Leaders of the Church of Scientology have long had the reputation of being uncooperative with the media. Still, we were surprised at their tenaciousness in trying to control our stories.", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, PG Publishing Co., Inc., July 31, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  9. ^ a b c Frantz, Douglas. "An Ultra-Aggressive Use of Investigators and the Courts", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, March 9, 1997. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  10. ^ Mitchell, Susan. "Scientology: A solution for life or just an evil cult?", The Sunday Business Post, Thomas Crosbie Holdings, July 17, 2005. 
  11. ^ Morton, Andrew (January 15, 2008). Tom Cruise: An Unauthorized Biography. New York: St. Martin's Press, Page 155. ISBN 0312359861. 
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Staff, CNN; Anderson Cooper. "Massive Manhunt Continues For Three Missing U.S. Soldiers in Iraq; Inside Scientology", Anderson Cooper 360, Time Warner, April 14, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  13. ^ a b c Lottick, M.D., Edward (1993). "Survey Reveals Physicians' Experience with Cults". Cult Observer 10 (3). International Cultic Studies Association. 
  14. ^ a b Marr, David. "Print and be damned - CULT", The Age, January 19, 2008, pp. Page: 3, First Edition, Section: Insight. 
  15. ^ Staff. "Time takes a critical look at Scientology", St. Petersburg Times, April 30, 1991, pp. Page 3B, Section: Tamba Bay and State. 
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Morgan, Lucy (1998-02-08). Scientology got blame for French suicide. St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  17. ^ Church of Scientology International v. Time Warner, Inc., et al., 92 Civ. 3024 (PKL) , Judge Leisure, Opinion and Order (United States District Court for the Southern District of New York July 16, 1996).
  18. ^ a b c Larson, Bob (2004). Larson's Book of World Religions and Alternative Spirituality. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Page 431. ISBN 084236417X. 
  19. ^ a b c Strupp, Joe. "The press vs. Scientology: After years of conflict, the church and the media seem to have reached a truce. Is it because Scientology has become less confrontational — or because the press is scared?", Salon, Salon Media Group, Inc., June 30, 2005, pp. Pages 1-3. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  20. ^ a b Signorile, Michelangelo (May 4, 1993). Queer in America: Sex, the Media, and the Closets of Power. Random House, Page 275. ISBN 978-0679413097. 
  21. ^ Staff. "Scientology's Critical Ads", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, May 31, 1991, pp. Section D, Page 5, Column 1, 342 words. 
  22. ^ Miller, Timothy (1995). America's Alternative Religions. SUNY Press, Page 390. ISBN 0791423980. 
  23. ^ a b c Krueger, Curtis. "Scientology lambasts Time magazine in ad", St. Petersburg Times, May 29, 1991, pp. Page 1B. 
  24. ^ Cote, Neil. "Church whiffs while trying to whomp Wogs", The Tampa Tribune, May 10, 1991, pp. Page 1. 
  25. ^ a b Duckworth, Erika N.. "Church of Scientology Attacks Time", Greensboro News & Record, May 29, 1991, pp. Page B3. 
  26. ^ a b c Holifield, Rhonda. "Scientologists answer critics with advertising", St. Petersburg Times, June 29, 1991. 
  27. ^ a b c d Howard, Lucy; Gregory Cerio. "Scientology Takes On Time", Newsweek, The Washington Post Company, June 10, 1991, pp. Page 8. 
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Staff; Ted Koppel, Forest Sawyer, (original broadcast, 02/14/1992.). "Scientology Leader Gave ABC First-Ever Interview: David Miscavige, Scientology Leader and Best Man at Tom Cruise's Wedding, Spoke to ABC News' 'Nightline' in 1992", ABC News, American Broadcasting Company, November 18, 2006, pp. 1, 3. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  29. ^ Kumar, J.P.. ""Fair Game": Leveling the Playing Field in Scientology Litigation", The Review of Litigation, Summer 1997, pp. 16 Rev. Litig. 747. 
  30. ^ a b c d Leisure, District Judge. "Church of Scientology v. Time and Richard Behar", Court TV, library Web site, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, pp. 92 Civ. 3024 (PKL), Opinion and Order. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  31. ^ a b Staff. "Judge Dismisses Church of Scientology's $416 Million Lawsuit Against Time Magazine", Business Wire, July 16, 1996. 
  32. ^ a b c d e f g Carmody, Deirdre. "Reader's Digest Defies Court", The New York Times, October 2, 1991, pp. Section D, Page 6, Column 5, 465 words. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  33. ^ Steffens, Brian. "Scientology's Current Target: Reader's Digest", The Quill, November-December 1991, pp. 39. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  34. ^ Staff. "Swiss Lift Ban on Digest", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, November 27, 1991. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  35. ^ Staff. "Time Magazine wins approval of libel suit dismissal", Atlanta Journal Constitution, Cox Enterprises, January 13, 2001. 
  36. ^ a b c d e f Staff. "Court Passes on Scientology Libel Case", The Associated Press, October 1, 2001. 
  37. ^ vAssociated Press; First Amendment Center Online staff (October 2, 2001). High court refuses to hear First Amendment appeals. First Amendment Center. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.
  38. ^ Ebner, Mark; Andrew Breitbart (2004). Hollywood, Interrupted: Insanity Chic in Babylon - The Case Against Celebrity. John Wiley and Sons, Page 362. ISBN 0471450510. 
  39. ^ a b c Staff (2007). ASJA Award Recipients: Outstanding Author Awards. American Society of Journalists and Authors. ASJA. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.
  40. ^ a b c Valk, Elizabeth P.. "From the Publisher", Time magazine, Time Inc., February 24, 1992. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  41. ^ Behar, Richard. "Richard Behar, acceptance speech, 1992 Leo J. Ryan award", (OLD) Cult Awareness Network conference, Los Angeles, 1992. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  42. ^ Henderson, Bob. "Hubbard from Pinellas to Russia", St. Petersburg Times, 1992-12-28, p. 1. 
  43. ^ Muller, Henry. "From the Managing Editor", Time magazine, Time Inc., April 13, 1992. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  44. ^ a b Silk, Mark (1995). Unsecular Media: Making News of Religion in America. University of Illinois Press, Pages 96-97. ISBN 0252067428. 
  45. ^ Staff. "Reader’s Digest on Cruise Control", Radar Magazine, June 8, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  46. ^ Rowan, David. "Tom, three questions for you: The film star should be facing robust media interrogation about Scientology, but there is craven silence", The Sunday Times, Times Newspapers Ltd., July 12, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  47. ^ O'Keefe, Mark. "Church of Scientology Is No Stranger to Criticism", The Oregonian, September 26, 1996, pp. Page A16. 
  48. ^ "SCIENCE FICTION? - Factual results needed from reading program", The Commercial Appeal, September 5, 1995, pp. Page A6. 
  49. ^ Estrada, Heron Marquez. "Scientology: Fact or fiction? The Church of Scientology, after years out of the spotlight, is under renewed scrutiny — and the object of greater curiosity in the Twin Cities — following Tom Cruise's public psychoanalysis spat with Brooke Shields", Star Tribune, Avista Capital Partners, October 22, 2005, pp. 12E. 
  50. ^ Friedman, Roger. "Katie Holmes' Missing Days", FOX News, FOX News Network, LLC., June 21, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  51. ^ Saliba, John A.; J. Gordon Melton, foreword (2003). Understanding New Religious Movements. Rowman Altamira, Page 200. ISBN 0759103569. 
  52. ^ Lewis, James R. (2004). The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. Oxford University Press, Page 202. ISBN 0195149866. 
  53. ^ Zablocki, Benjamin David; Thomas Robbins (2001). Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field. University of Toronto Press, Page 65. ISBN 0802081886. 

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