The Spiral Dance
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- For the dance, see Spiral Dance. For the band, see Spiral Dance (band).
The Spiral Dance: a Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess is a best-selling book about Neopagan belief and practice by Starhawk. It was first published in 1979, with a second edition in 1989 and a third edition in 1999. Since its publication it has become a classic book on Wicca and modern witchcraft, spiritual feminism and the Goddess movement, and ecofeminism. It has been translated into other languages including German and Danish.
The Spiral Dance is Starhawk's first and most famous book. After a failed attempt to become a fiction writer in New York City, she returned to her native state of California and became active in the Neopagan community of the San Francisco Bay Area. She decided to try her hand at nonfiction and wrote a book on Goddess religion, which she finished in 1977 but was unable to publish at first. Her luck changed when feminist religious scholar Carol P. Christ included an article on Witchcraft and the Goddess movement in the anthology Womanspirit Rising (1979). Christ put Starhawk in touch with an editor at Harper & Row, who eventually published the book. In 1979, partly to commemorate the publication of the book, Starhawk and her friends staged a public celebration of the Neopagan holiday of Samhain (Halloween) incorporating an actual spiral dance. This group became the Reclaiming Collective; the annual Spiral Dance ritual now draws hundreds of participants.
The book was revised for 10th and 20th-anniversary editions in 1989 and 1999. The original text of the book was left largely untouched. The revisions consist for the most part of introductions and notes reflecting on the origins of the book and the rituals it describes, and changes to the author's beliefs and practices since writing the book.
Although commonly read as a book on Wicca, The Spiral Dance is distinguished by its visionary mysticism and ecstatic experience, and by its emphasis on women and the Goddess (most forms of Wicca seek balance between the Goddess and the God). Starhawk trained with Victor Anderson, founder of the Feri Tradition of witchcraft, and with Zsuzsanna Budapest, a feminist separatist involved in Dianic Wicca.
[edit] Criticism
In "The Spiral Dance", Starhawk stated that up to nine million people, mostly women, were killed during the Witch Hunts in early modern Europe. This incredibly high figure allowed her to draw comparisons with the Holocaust and present witches as a persecuted religion, a la Judaism. The number was based on an article by Mary Daly, who based it on on the writings of the 19th century feminist Matilda Joslyn Gage, and has no basis in research. (Most estimates based on research range from 60-100,000.[1]) She has admitted that the figure was "probably high" in the book's 10th edition (her statement was "actually, estimates range between a low of one hundred thousand and this figure [nine million], which is probably high. The truth, clearly, is that nobody knows exactly how many people died in the persecutions." An uncertainty about the exact number still allows us to determine a range of 60-100,000 and exclude incredibly high figures such as nine million.) She has never explicitly admitted that the figure is wrong and as a result of this, and of her book being one of the main inspirations behind the neo-pagan movement, many neo-pagans continue to believe this incredibly high and incorrect figure.[2]
Another criticism comes from more traditional Wiccans who claim Dianic Wicca isn't Wicca at all, due to the exclusion of the God. Gerald Gardner stressed that the ancient Witches worshipped a balance of masculine and feminine spirit (The Horned God and Triple Goddess), plus Wiccan philosophy has always been about duotheism and the male/female aspects of nature.
[edit] References
- ^ Brian Levack, The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe (New York, Longman, 1987) gives the figure of 60,000. Anne Lewellyn Barstow, Witchcraze (San Francisco: Harper, 1994) gives 100,000. Other works on the Witch Hunt vary, but between 60-100,000 is the usual range.
- ^ see http://shekhinah.net/SeasonalInvocations.htm for an example of just one neo-pagan website that continues to use the figure popularised by Starhawk. There are many others.
