The Maid of Pskov
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| Operas by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov |
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The Maid of Pskov (1872) |
The Maid of Pskov (Russian: Псковитянка, Pskovityanka), is an opera in three acts by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The libretto was written by the composer, and is based on the drama of the same name by Lev Aleksandrovich Mey. The story concerns the Tsar Ivan the Terrible and his efforts to subject the cities of Pskov and Novgorod to his will. The original version of the opera was completed in 1872, and received its premiere in 1873 in St. Petersburg, Russia. The third and final version was completed in 1892, and is considered "definitive"[citation needed]. This version was made famous by Shalyapin (Chaliapin) in the role of Ivan the Terrible. It was introduced to Paris in 1909 by Dyagilev under the title Ivan the Terrible, on account of the dominance of his role.[1]
Rosa Newmarch has characterized the music for the solo singers as mainly of "'mezzo-recitative' of a somewhat dry quality, but relieved by great variety of orchestral color in the accompaniments".[2]
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[edit] Composition history
The first product of the composer's interest in this work was a lullaby composed in 1866. Rimsky-Korsakov then set to work in full earnest on an operatic treatment in the winter of 1867-1868.[3]There are 3 versions of the opera. The original version was composed in the years 1868–1872, and received its premiere in 1873.[2] The composer revised the opera in the years 1876–1877. Later he completed a final version in the years 1891–1892.
[edit] Performance history
_1896_as_Ivan_the_Terrible_in_Rimsky-Korsakov's_The_Maid_of_Pskov.jpg/300px-Chaliapin_F._(Шаляпин_Ф._И.)_1896_as_Ivan_the_Terrible_in_Rimsky-Korsakov's_The_Maid_of_Pskov.jpg)
The world premiere was given in St. Petersburg Premiere on 13 January (O.S. 1 January), 1873 at the Mariinsky Theatre, conducted by Eduard Nápravník. Other notable performances included those in 1895 in St. Petersburg's Panayevsky Theatre given by the Society of Musical Gatherings; In 1896 in Moscow the Russian Private Opera, conducted by Bernardi, with scenary by Korovin and Vasnetsov included Fyodor Shalyapin as Ivan the Terrible.
In 1909 at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris in a Sergey Dyagilev production, the opera was conducted by Nikolay Cherepnin and Shalyapin sang Ivan.
[edit] Roles
| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast St. Petersburg 1873 |
Premiere cast St. Petersburg 1895 |
Premiere cast Paris 1909 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tsar Ivan Vasilevich the Terrible | bass | Osip Petrov | Mikhail Koryakin | Fyodor Shalyapin |
| Prince Yuriy Ivanovich Tokmakov, the tsar's deputy and posadnik in Pskov | bass | Ivan Melnikov | Mikhail Lunacharsky | Kastorsky |
| Boyar Nikita Matuta | tenor | Vasilyev II | Davïdov | |
| Prince Afanasy Vyazemsky | bass | Sobolev | ||
| Bomely (Bomelius), royal physician | bass | |||
| Mikhail Andreyevich Tucha, son of a posadnik | tenor | Orlov | Vasilyev III | Vasiliy Damayev |
| Yushko Velebin, courier from Novgorod | bass | Vasiliy Sharonov | ||
| Princess Olga Yuryevna Tokmakova | soprano | Yuliya Platonova | Feodosiya Velinskaya | Lidiya Lipkovskaya |
| Boyarïshnya Stepanida Matuta, Olga's friend | soprano | |||
| Vlasyevna, wet-nurse | contralto | Darya Leonova | Dore | |
| Perfilyevna, wet nurse | contralto | |||
| Guard's voice | tenor | |||
| Chous, silent roles: Judges, Pskovian boyars, governor's sons, oprichniks, Muscovite Streltsī, maidens, people | ||||
[edit] Synopsis
- Time: The year 1570
- Place: Pskov; the Pechorsky Monastery; at the Medednya River
[edit] Act 1
Princess Olga, daughter of Prince Tokmakov, is in the garden, as are two wet-nurses, who tell stories of the repressive behaviour of Tsar Ivan on Pskov's sister city, Novgorod. Mikhail Tucha, the leader of the uprising in Pskov, is beloved of Princess Olga, but she is betrothed to the boyar Nikita Matuta. After Tucha and Olga sing a love duet, Tokmakov and Matuta arrive. Tucha leaves quickly and Olga hides herself. Tokmakov tells Matuta that Olga is not his own daughter, but the child of his sister-in-law Vera Sheloga. He does not know who Olga's true father is.
Design for the premiere of The Maid of Pskov.
(Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, 1873).
[edit] Act 2
At the square of the Pskov kremlin, a messenger from Novgorod bears news that Tsar Ivan is about to deal the same fate to Pskov that he has to Novgorod. The townspeople are initially roused to defiance, but Tokmakov tries to calm the crowd and preach submission, saying that they are innocent of any treason and thus need not fear the Tsar. Tucha and his associates plan to rebel.
[edit] Act 3
Scene 1
The people of Pskov are in fear of the wrath of the Tsar. Olga sings of how she does not truly know of her parents. A crowd gathers and sings welcome to the Tsar.
Scene 2
At Tokmakov's residence, Tsar Ivan patronizes Tokmakov and his ideas of the city behaving independently of the Tsar. The Tsar then asks to be attended by Princess Olga. She enters, and they both react oddly at each other's appearance. When Tokmakov and Ivan are later alone in conversation, the Tsar asks about Olga and learns about the identity of her mother. Ivan is shaken to learn that Vera Sheloga is Olga's mother, and his attitude toward the city changes.
[edit] Act 4
Scene 1
In the forest, Olga and Tucha meet for a tryst. However, Matuta and his men appear, repulse Tucha and abduct Olga.
Scene 2
At a camp near the riverside, Ivan continues to think about Olga. He hears that Matuta has abducted her. Angry at this news, Ivan summons Olga, and addresses her as "Olga Ivanova", a hint as to her true father. Olga asks for protection from Matuta. Tsar Ivan says that she will be taken to Moscow, and he will choose her groom. He says that when Tucha is captured, he will live, but imprisoned. Olga continues to plead for mercy, and says that she has always worshipped him since she was young. Tucha and his forces attack the Tsar's camp. As they are repelled, Olga is fatally shot. At the end, over her body, Ivan reveals that he is, in fact, Olga's father.
[edit] Selected recordings
Audio Recordings (Mainly studio recordings)
Source: www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
- 1947, Simon Sakharov (conductor), Bolshoy Theatre Orchestra and Chorus, Aleksandr Pirogov (Tsar Ivan), Elisabeta Shumilova (Olga), Georgi Nelepp (Mikhail Tucha), Alexander Peregudov (Yuri Tokmakov), Alexander Peregudov (Nikita Matuta), Mikhail Soloviev (Vyazemsky), Natalia Sokolova (Stepanida Matuta)
- 1994, Valery Gergiev (conductor), Orchestra and Chorus of the Mariinsky Theatre, Galina Gorchakova (Olga), Olga Korzhenskaya (Stepanida Matuta), Gennadi Bezzubenkov (Yuri Tokmakov), Vladimir Galusin (Mikhail Tucha), Nikolai Gassiev (Nikita Matuta), Vladimir Ognovenko (Tsar Ivan), Yevgeny Fedotov (Vyazemsky)
[edit] References
- ^ Palmer, Christopher, "Prokofiev, Eisenstein and Ivan" (April 1991). The Musical Times, 132 (1778): pp. 179-181.
- ^ a b Newmarch, Rosa (cited in the article as "Mrs. Newmarch", "The Development of National Opera in Russia. Rimsky Korsakov" (1904-1905). Proceedings of the Musical Association, 31st Session: pp. 111-129.
- ^ Abraham, Gerald (1968). "Pskovityanka: The Original Version of Rimsky-Korsakov's First Opera.". The Musical Quarterly LIV (1): 58–73. doi:.
[edit] Sources
- Abraham, Gerald (1936). "VIII.-- Rimsky-Korsakov's First Opera", Studies in Russian Music (in English). London: William Reeves / The New Temple Press, p.142-166.
- Layton, Robert (1997). Rimsky-Korsakov's First Opera, "The Maid of Pskov" (in English). Philips Classics. (Introductory notes to Philips Kirov/Gergiev recording)
- Malkiel, Marina (1997). Synopsis (in English). Philips Classics. (From the notes to the Philips Kirov/Gergiev recording)
- Pskovityanka / The Maid of Pskov, Ivan the Terrible (English). Opera Glass at Stanford University. Retrieved on 2007-06-07.
- Rimsky-Korsakov, Nicolai; Dr. Olga Browning (Foreword translated by) (1982). The Maid of Pskov: An Opera in Four Acts; Vocal Score: First Version, The Complete Works of Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov (in Russian). Melville, N.Y.: Belwin Mills Publishing Corp. K5252.
