The Fountain

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For the comic book based on this film's early script, see The Fountain (graphic novel).
The Fountain

The Fountain theatrical poster
Directed by Darren Aronofsky
Produced by Arnon Milchan
Eric Watson
Iain Smith
Written by Story:
Darren Aronofsky
Ari Handel
Screenplay:
Darren Aronofsky
Starring Hugh Jackman
Rachel Weisz
Ellen Burstyn
Music by Clint Mansell
Cinematography Matthew Libatique
Distributed by Warner Bros. (USA)
20th Century Fox (worldwide)
Release date(s) November 22, 2006
Running time 96 min.
Country United States
Language English
Budget $35,000,000
Gross revenue $15,845,981
Official website
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile

The Fountain is a 2006 American science fiction/fantasy film directed by Darren Aronofsky that follows three interwoven narratives that take place in the age of conquistadors, the modern-day period, and the far future. The film stars Hugh Jackman and Rachel Weisz, whose characters' romance exists in all three time periods. The Fountain explores the themes of love and mortality, drawing influences from the The Fountain of Youth and The Tree of Life. The film is framed with visual language by using transition scenes, light, and shapes.

Originally to be filmed in 2002 on a budget of $70 million with Brad Pitt and Cate Blanchett in the lead, The Fountain shut down production as a result of Pitt's departure. Aronofsky was able to resurrect the project in 2005 with half the budget. The director incorporated visual effects into The Fountain by using minimal computer-generated imagery; he reduced the use of computers by using inexpensive footage provided by a macro-photographer. The Fountain was commercially released in the United States on November 22, 2006, to divided reviews.

Contents

[edit] Plot

The Fountain takes place in three interweaving narratives that encompass the age of the Spanish conquistadors, the near-future period and a journey through deep space in an ecospheric starship.

[edit] The scientist

Research oncologist Tommy Creo (Hugh Jackman) attempts to reverse brain tumors in rhesus monkeys through animal testing. His work is motivated by his cancer-stricken wife Izzi (Rachel Weisz). When the tests fail on a monkey named Donovan, Tommy is inspired to break medical protocol and use an untested compound derived from a Guatemalan tree. At first, the drug fails to stop the tumor's growth, but surprisingly rejuvenates Donovan, healing his wounds and improving his cognitive abilities.

At home, Izzi points out a golden nebula to Tommy, describing it as Xibalba, the Mayan underworld. She also shows Tommy a book she is writing, set in the age of conquistadors, titled The Fountain. When she goes to sleep, Tommy reads the book and falls asleep as well. When he wakes up, he finds that Izzi has gone to the museum. He meets her there, and she explains the creation myth of the Mayans. She suddenly collapses from a seizure and is rushed to the hospital. She tells Tommy, at her bedside, that she no longer fears death. Tommy does not accept this and returns to his lab, working harder to find a cure for Izzi's brain tumor.

During a visit, Izzi goes into cardiac arrest, and Tommy is forced to leave the room. Tommy's associate Dr. Lillian Guzetti (Ellen Burstyn) finds him in the hall and tells him that Donovan's tumor is shrinking. Tommy rushes back into Izzi's room with the news, only to find that his wife cannot be resuscitated. At Izzi's funeral, Tommy tells Guzetti, "Death is a disease, it's like any other. And there is a cure. A cure. And I will find it."

[edit] The conquistador

In 16th century Spain, Grand Inquisitor Silecio (Stephen McHattie) demonizes the Spanish Queen (Weisz) as a heretic. He slowly acquires territories as part of his plan to take Spain from her, killing her followers along the way. Tomas (Jackman), a conquistador in the service of Isabella, plots to assassinate Silecio, only to be stopped by a subordinate, Captain Ariel (Cliff Curtis), bearing an urgent message from the Queen. Returning to Isabella's court, Tomas is given the mission of finding the Tree of Life. The tree's location is revealed on a hidden map displayed by a Mayan dagger stolen by Father Avila (Mark Margolis), whose Franciscan order backs the Queen.

Tomas journeys to the New World with Avila and fellow conquistadors to find the tree. As the search drags on and the hardships of the quest multiply, the men mutiny; Tomas restores order by killing the ringleaders as Avila reveals that they have arrived at their destination. As Tomas approaches the pyramid atop which the tree grows, Mayan warriors attack the conquistadors. Tomas's last two men are killed fleeing the battle. Tomas is spared by the warriors, who force him to climb the pyramid. When Tomas reaches the temple at the top, he is stabbed in the abdomen by a Mayan priest.

[edit] The astronaut

The astronaut, Tom (Jackman), travels toward a golden nebula in an ecospheric spacecraft, which also houses a living tree. Tom meditates in padmasana and practices tai chi, but is haunted by visions of Izzi. He focuses on reaching the nebula, assuring the tree that it will be reborn on arrival. Despite his assurance, the tree dies. Izzi haunts Tom in a vision and encourages him to finish writing her book, The Fountain. Tom faces his fear of death and accepts dying, allowing him to finally write the book's ending.

[edit] Resolution

Instead of killing Tomas, the priest identifies Tomas as First Father, the deity who sacrificed himself to create the world. The priest in turn presents himself as a sacrifice, and Tomas slits his throat. Passing through a doorway, the conquistador finds the Tree of Life. As he pierces it with the Mayan dagger, some sap spills onto the ground; a small plant instantly grows and blossoms where it fell. Taking this as a sign of rejuvenation, Tomas applies some sap to his abdominal wound, and it heals. He then drinks the sap, only to collapse with leaves and flowers bursting from his body, burying him beside the tree. The future Tom is then shown passing into the heart of the nebula and entering Xibalba at peace with the thought of his imminent death, as the star explodes and the tree blooms once more. The present day Tommy is seen planting a tree seed over Izzi's grave.

[edit] Development

In 1999, Darren Aronofsky and actor Jared Leto saw The Matrix together. Aronofsky said he had mused after seeing the film, "What kind of science fiction movie can people make now?" Aronofsky began to consider new ideas for a science fiction film with his friend from college, Ari Handel.[1] In April 2001, Aronofsky entered negotiations with Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow to direct an untitled sci-fi epic with actor Brad Pitt in the lead role.[2] Aronofsky's previous film, Requiem for a Dream, had been screened for Pitt, and the preliminary script for The Fountain persuaded the actor to join the project.[3] Aronofsky had been writing the film with Handel. The director said the film would explore new territory similar to how Star Wars, 2001: A Space Odyssey, and The Matrix had redefined the genre. Aronofsky wanted to go beyond typical science fiction films that were plot-driven by technology and science. "We've seen it all. It's not really interesting to audiences anymore. The interesting things are the ideas; the search for God, the search for meaning," said Aronofsky. The director said that the film would be "the most ambitious thing I've done to date and the biggest challenge".[2]

Aronofsky was influenced by the accounts of Uruguayan journalist Eduardo Galeano, who wrote examples of myth from an indigenous perspective,[4] particularly Galeano's Genesis trilogy.[3] The film Once Upon a Time in America also served as an influence in Aronofsky's writing of The Fountain.[5] The director traveled with a crew to Central America to consult with Mayan experts like Moises Morales Marquez and to explore the ruins of Palenque. The group also made a visit to Tikal, a jungle location that had been featured in the original Star Wars.[1] To design a rainforest set, the films Aguirre, the Wrath of God and The Holy Mountain were screened for the crew for inspiration.[6] In June 2001, actress Cate Blanchett entered talks to join Aronofsky's project.[7] Aronofsky, who wanted the film's actual title to be a secret, gave the project the working title of The Last Man.[8] Production was postponed to improve the script and wait for Blanchett, pregnant at the time of signing on board, to give birth to her child that December. The start date for production was tentatively set to begin in summer 2002.[9]

In June 2002, Warner Bros. met with Aronofsky and producer Eric Watson, expressing concerns over an escalating budget and threatening to cease the project unless a co-financier was found. Watson petitioned independent production companies for support and was able to enlist Regency Enterprises for assistance.[3] Production was ultimately set for late October 2002 in Queensland and Sydney, Australia. The film, officially titled The Fountain, was greenlit with a budget of $70 million, co-financed by Warner Bros. and New Regency, who had filled the gap after Village Roadshow's withdrawal from the project. This marked the first collaboration between the two companies since Regency switched distribution to 20th Century Fox (who would distribute in most international territories). Actress Ellen Burstyn, who starred in Aronofsky's Requiem for a Dream, had also been cast alongside Pitt and Blanchett.[10] Preparation for production of The Fountain cost $18 million.[11] Abruptly, Pitt, whose requested script revisions to the screenplay were not met, left the project seven weeks before the first day of shooting.[1] The actor went on to star as Achilles in director Wolfgang Petersen's Troy.[12] With the studio threatening to shut down the project, Aronofsky overnighted the script for The Fountain to actor Russell Crowe as a potential replacement for Pitt. However, Crowe, worn out from recently completing Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, declined the offer.[3] In September 2002, Jeff Robinov, President of Production at Warner Bros. Pictures, announced that The Fountain would cease production,[12] with Blanchett receiving compensation for her time and the Australian crew being fired from the halted project.[3] Sets built for the production of the film, including a 10-story Aztec temple, were eventually auctioned off, in addition to props and other items.[13] Pitt said that he was disappointed to leave and added, "I remain encouraged that The Fountain will yet have its day."[12]

[edit] Production

The conquistador (Jackman) is carried by Mayan warriors
The conquistador (Jackman) is carried by Mayan warriors

In February 2004, Warner Bros. resurrected Aronofsky's project and began to court actor Hugh Jackman to replace Pitt in the lead role. The film received a second greenlight with a budget of $35 million, in part because of the director's willingness to leave costly set pieces out of the screenplay.[14] In August, actress Rachel Weisz joined Hugh Jackman for the project, filling the vacancy left by Blanchett. The Fountain was set to begin production in November 2004.[15] By March 2005, filming was underway at a sound stage in Montreal,[16] and lasted for 61 days.[3] The film's locations, with the exception of scenes filmed at a museum and at a farmhouse, were built on the Montreal sound stage.[17] Aronofsky, influenced by Bernal Díaz del Castillo's The Conquest of New Spain, applied the narrative in writing the film's conquistador scenes.[18] Seventy extras were cast as Maya warriors, including 20 who were actually Guatemala Mayans, one of them, an actual spiritual leader, was cast as the Maya spiritual leader in the film.[16] To create a death scene, Aronofsky drew from Maya mythology the description of when valiant warriors die, flowers and butterflies emerge from their bodies. Aronofsky excluded butterflies from the death scene to minimize the film's computer-generated imagery but kept the effect of flowers bursting from the body.[19]

In The Fountain, the Tree of Life was a central design and part of the film's three periods. The tree was based on Kabbalah's Sefirot, which depicts a "map" of Creation to understand the nature of God and how he created the world ex nihilo (out of nothing). The Sefirot Tree, being two to three hundred feet tall in lore, had to be resized for The Fountain to fit in the camera's frame.[19] Pieces of driftwood and pieces from real trees in Canada were collected for the tree's branches and roots, and sculpted molds of the pieces were applied to a steel frame to create the tree's body.[20] According to production designer James Chinlund, the tree, part of an enormous set surrounded by green screens, and other sets presented difficult logistical problems because of the small budget given to the resurrected project. The tree set itself had been a collaboration between Chinlund, Aronofsky, and cinematographer Matthew Libatique to create the appropriate design, particularly the palette in comparison to the biospheric ship that carries the tree in the astronaut period.[21] Aronofsky described the astronaut period as a homage to David Bowie's "Space Oddity"; the protagonist's name "Tom" originating from the Major Tom of the popular song.[18] Co-writer Ari Handel researched biospherics, such as the Biosphere 2, to help design the ship that carried the protagonist and the tree through space.[21] With respect to the glass-sphered ship's design, Aronofsky argued, "There is no reason a spaceship would be built like a giant truck in space."[6]

The Fountain originally received an R rating for "Some violence" from the MPAA. The film was edited by Aronofsky and re-rated PG-13 for "Intense sequences of violent action, some sensuality and language".[22]

[edit] Casting

Director Darren Aronofsky was originally not familiar with Hugh Jackman until the actor was cast as Wolverine in X-Men. The director went to see Jackman perform as Peter Allen in the Broadway musical The Boy from Oz. Impressed with Jackman's performance, Aronofsky met with the actor, who had been looking for "a role that could show a lot of dimension". In addition to Jackman's casting, Aronofsky wrote into the script roles for Ellen Burstyn and Mark Margolis, who had appeared in the director's previous film, Requiem for a Dream.[18]

"It is the hardest job I've worked and by far the most satisfying. Darren wants blood. As a director, he is very much inside my head."
— Hugh Jackman on his experience filming The Fountain[16]

Jackman researched and prepared for his role by practicing tai chi.[23] Jackman took 14 months to achieve the lotus position, which is seen in the film. Jackman also watched a woman undergo brain tumor surgery and had been shaken to see the woman have similar blond hair to his wife: "All I could think of was my wife on that table. As much as I'd read the script and theorized and practiced philosophy, I knew in that moment that I was so not ready for death."[24] The actor portrayed his various characters in The Fountain by physically acting differently for each persona. As the conquistador, Jackman was upright and forward-leaning to evoke an unstoppable nature. As the scientist, the actor hunched over with a dedicated focus on his character's work, being weighed down by the "world on his shoulders". As the astronaut, Jackman practiced the state of zen but also exhibited a continued persistence in his endeavour.[23]

Jackman suggested to Darren Aronofsky the possibility of casting Rachel Weisz as his protagonist's wife. The director, being in a relationship with the actress and living with her, had previously hesitated to show the studio signs of favoritism in casting Weisz. With Jackman's earnest recommendation, the actress was cast as Isabel.[25] Weisz prepared for her role by reading books and first-person accounts about people who had terminal illnesses.[23] The actress also went to hospitals to visit young people who were dying and under hospice care. "There were a few days where I was in the headspace where I could say: 'I could go now'," said Weisz.[26]

[edit] Visual effects

Jeremy Dawson and Dan Schrecker, who had provided visual effects for Darren Aronofsky's π and Requiem for a Dream, returned to The Fountain to help the director with the film's effects. The pair were assigned with the task of creating as little computer-generated imagery as possible, a difficult task with a third of the film taking place in deep space. Aronofsky chose to avoid effects that would make the film look dated in several decades but instead hold up as well as a film like 2001: A Space Odyssey. Dawson said, "Using CG is really the easy route because it's so prevalent and the tools are great. What it did was really force us to come up with creative solutions to solve a lot of our problems." One creative solution was uncovering Peter Parks, a specialist in macro photography, who had retrieved deep-sea microorganisms and photographed them in 3-D under partial funding from the Bahamas government. Parks brewed chemicals and bacteria together to create reactions of which Schrecker and Dawson shot 20,000 feet worth of film in the course of eight weeks for The Fountain.[21] To create the effects, Peter Parks had taken advantage of fluid dynamics, which affected the behavior of the substances that he photographed. "When these images are projected on a big screen, you feel like you're looking at infinity. That's because the same forces at work in the water—gravitational effects, settlement, refractive indices—are happening in outer space," Parks said. The specialist's talent convinced the film's creative department to go beyond computer-generated imagery and follow Parks' lead. Instead of millions of dollars for a single special effects sequence, Parks generated all the footage for the film for just $140,000.[1]

However, the effects were not finished there. Intelligent Creatures a Visual Effects, Look Development and Design company specializing in feature films, was approached by Dawson and Schrecker to help them design the over all look and feel of the future scenes. Intelligent Creatures created specific CG futuristic locations that Hugh Jackman's character undertakes through space on a spherical ship. To accomplish this, the team first shot on a 370-degree greenscreen "tree" set in Montreal for the spherical spaceship. They then drew from the library of macro-footage of various liquid chemical reactions, split-apart, warped and displaced these elements to become a series of naturally progressing space backgrounds. There were a multitude of scenes, 234 shots in all, in which these backgrounds were ultimately utilized. Lon Molnar, CEO and Sr. Visual Effects Supervisor at IC, said, "We took Peter Parks's raw macro footage from the petri dish and made it into large multi layered environments giving the scenes an epic, organic quality and a timeless feel". Ultimately, the visual effects took IC's team of 30 artists and technicians a full year to design and execute.

The visual effects company Look Effects worked on 87 shots for The Fountain that included major set extensions, digital mattes, image enhancement, face replacement and blemish removal, as well as animating key elements to the film's story. Henrik Fett, the visual effects supervisor of Look Effects, said, "Darren was quite clear on what he wanted and his intent to greatly minimize the use of computer graphics... [and] I think the results are outstanding."[27]

[edit] Musical score

Clint Mansell, the composer for Aronofsky's previous films, π and Requiem for a Dream, reprised his role as composer for The Fountain. The San Francisco-based string quartet Kronos Quartet, who had previously performed for the Requiem for a Dream soundtrack, and Scottish post-rock band Mogwai also contributed to the film score.[28] Darren Aronofsky hoped that David Bowie, whose song "Space Oddity" helped influence the film's astronaut period, would record a "third Tom song" as the musical artist worked briefly with composer Clint Mansell during production.[18] The plan was for Bowie to rework pieces of the score and to vocalize them, but this did not go through.[29] Instead, Mansell researched possible scores to tie together the three different time periods that spanned The Fountain. He wanted the overall feel of the score to be organic, and considered implementing orchestral and electronic elements that would have "a real human element to them that breathes".[21] The score was designed concurrently with the film's production instead of during the post-production phase. For the score, Mansell created a mood that flourished as the film progressed. He described the process of composing the music, "It's instinct and listening to what the film is telling you it needs."[6]

Mansell drew from five to six years of writing material for The Fountain. Initially, the composer intended for the score to be pure percussion when the film was originally meant to be epic in scale. Mansell, lacking classical training, collaborated with an assistant in creating the score. Both had deconstructed the composer's initial pieces for The Fountain and re-played them in a key so the lead melodies could harmonically play with every progression. The song "Together We Will Live Forever" was an electronic piece designed by Mansell to serve as the protagonist's memory theme. Lead singer Antony Hegarty was commissioned to create a vocal piece over "Together We Will Live Forever" for the end credits, but the director decided that the vocals would not be appropriate to end the film. The song was instead redone with pianist Randy Kerber.[29]

Nonesuch Records, the home of The Fountain musical contributor Kronos Quartet, released the film's musical collaborations between composer Clint Mansell, Kronos Quartet, and Mogwai titled The Fountain: Music from the Motion Picture on November 21, 2006.[30]

Clint Mansell received a nomination for the 2006 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for The Fountain,[31] but lost to Alexandre Desplat for The Painted Veil.[32] Mansell has also received a nomination for the 2006 BFCA Critics' Choice Award for Best Composer, but lost to Phillip Glass for The Illusionist.[33] Mansell won the Chicago Film Critics Association's 2006 award for Best Original Score.[34] He has also won the World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Soundtrack of the Year and Public Choice Award. [35]

[edit] Themes

The Fountain begins with a paraphrase of Genesis 3:24, the Biblical passage that reflects the fall of man. Hugh Jackman emphasizes the importance of the fall in the film: "The moment Adam and Eve ate of the tree of knowledge, or good and evil, humans started to experience life as we all experience it now, which is life and death, poor and wealthy, pain and pleasure, good and evil. We live in a world of duality. Husband, wife, we relate everything. And much of our lives are spent not wanting to die, be poor, experience pain. It's what the movie's about."[24] Darren Aronofsky had also interpreted the story of Genesis as the definition of mortality for humanity. He inquired of the fall, "If they had drank from the tree of life [instead of the tree of knowledge] what would have separated them from their maker? So what makes us human is actually death. It's what makes us special."[36]

A gold-hued scene in which Tom (Jackman) faces a hallucination of Isabel (Weisz) beside the Tree of Life
A gold-hued scene in which Tom (Jackman) faces a hallucination of Isabel (Weisz) beside the Tree of Life

The theme of thanatophobia is described by Aronofsky as a "movement from darkness into light, from black to white", tracing the journey of a man scared of death and moving toward it.[37] The theme is highlighted by Aronofsky's use of visual language, such as shooting Jackman's characters in shadows until the story's light-saturated conclusion, while Weisz's characters are awash with light in each period.[38] Along these lines, Aronofsky made use of the color of gold, as gold was the sought-after treasure of the conquistadors. "When you see gold, it represents materialism and wealth and all these things that distract us from the true journey that we're on," Aronofsky said.[37] The director also used similar geometric constructs in the film to distinguish the three chronological narratives. The 16th century conquistador's tale reflected triangles through pyramids and constellations, the 21st century researcher's period reflected rectangles through doors, windows, and computer screens, and the 26th century contemplative's journey reflected circles and spheres through the spacecraft and stellar bodies.[39]

Darren Aronofsky emphasized that the narratives in their time periods and their respective convergences were open to interpretation. The director maintained that the film's intricacy and underlying message is "very much like a Rubik's cube, where you can solve it in several different ways, but ultimately there's only one solution at the end".[40] Critics have observed recurring, mythological references to themes of enlightenment, redemption, the Hindu concept of cycle of birth and death and moksha, the Biblical Tree of Life,[41] the Buddha,[41] and the world-tree Yggdrasil.[42] In the same vein, Jackman views the story as a modern myth that helps people to understand the meaning of life, explains the unexplainable, and fosters understanding. "These fables may not make scientific sense, but somehow they explain the world to us," said Jackman.[43] Aronofsky later explained the film has an atheist meaning. "It's about this endless cycle of energy and matter, tracing back to the Big Bang", he said. "We're all just borrowing this matter and energy for a little bit, until it goes back into everything else, and that connects us all."[44]

Journalists Victoria Alexander and Robert Butler theorise that Tommy Creo's storyline is a grief-induced hallucination[45] caused by ingesting the bark of the tree.[46] Brian Orndorf describes the visual artifacts of Creo's struggle as "the mental breakdown of a man who is looking for hope in all the wrong places."[47] Strictly fact-based analyses offer the film's central ("real") essence as "the final three days of... two people very believably and relatably in love,",[41] suggesting its abstract and futuristic elements to be non-literal representations akin to "astral projection"[48] or "the psychology of survivor's guilt."[49] A subset of reviewers (Anderson, Brussat) take the Tom-present, Tom-future and Izzy-tree comparisons more directly, asserting that Creo's wife has transformed into[50] or become part of the tree[51], to which Dana Stevens adds "Tommy Creo, the present-day husband and scientist, should never have climbed into that bubble in a centuries-long attempt to defer his wife's death."[52] More middle-of-the-road interpretations posit the notion of three distinct storylines to be "sort of true and yet not true",[41] introducing an in-between possibility wherein the narratives might exist on multiple levels.

[edit] Marketing

Further information: The Fountain (graphic novel)

When actor Brad Pitt left director Darren Aronofsky's project in 2002, the director preserved the rights to printing a graphic novel similarly titled The Fountain. Aronofsky said, "I knew it was a hard film to make, and I said at least if Hollywood fucks me over at least I'll make a comic book out of it."[53] He shopped the story to Vertigo Comics and was impressed by the illustrations of comic book artist Kent Williams. Aronofsky hired Williams to create the graphic novel for The Fountain based on the script that was originally intended to be used for the project involving Pitt and Cate Blanchett. Ari Handel, co-writer for the film, provided Williams with research, photographs, and images on "Mayans, astronomy, pulsars, and all kinds of cool stuff" to help with the graphic novel's design. Aronofsky gave Williams the freedom to interpret the story as the artist saw fit.[53]

The Fountain originally had a release date of October 13, 2006, but the film was delayed to create a "long-lead campaign" and generate anticipation via word of mouth. The final release date of The Fountain was set for November 22, 2006.[54] Aronofsky sent his screenplay to a group of eleven artists: Phil Hale, Martin Wilner, Jason Shawn Alexander, Kostas Seremetis, Dave Gibbons, Barron Storey, James Jean, Jim Lee, Olivier Bramanti, Seth Fisher, and Bill Sienkiewicz. The director invited them to interpret the screenplay in each one's chosen medium, and the interpretations were initially meant to be available on the website for The Fountain.[55] Darren Aronofsky also published a book in November 2006 based on The Fountain that contains production stills, the original script, original art, and observations by the film's creators.[56] The content and research agency Ramp Industry launched The Fountain Remixed, an official website driven by user-generated content. Users could download freely provided audio parts from The Fountain's film score, remix the music, and upload the work onto the website to be evaluated by other users.[57]

[edit] Reception

The Fountain was originally scheduled for a late 2005 release but was delayed by Rachel Weisz's pregnancy, and did not make a showing at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival.[58] The film finally held its world premiere at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival on September 2, 2006.[59] While several critics booed the film at the festival's press screening, The Fountain received a 10-minute standing ovation at the public screening the following evening.[11] The Fountain was commercially released in 1,472 theaters in the United States and Canada on Wednesday, November 22, 2006, a day before the holiday Thanksgiving. The film earned $3,768,702 in the U.S. and Canadian box office during the opening weekend of November 24. The Fountain earned $10,144,010 in the United States and Canada, and the film has grossed $5,761,344 in other territories, totaling $15,905,354 worldwide.[60]

On Rotten Tomatoes, The Fountain has a 51% overall approval out of 181 reviews from critics and a 26% Cream of the Crop approval out of 181 reviews from major news outlets.[61] Leslie Felperin of Variety described the switching between time periods throughout the film as abrupt and considered the visual effects to be similar to a "remake of the wormhole section of '2001: A Space Odyssey,' as produced by makers of instructional videos for beginning yoga students".[62] IGN's Filip Vukcevic described The Fountain as "a film that is not easily accessible", and commended Aronofsky's direction and Jackman's performance to shape the emotional core of the film.[63] Alex Billington declared it as a film that was ahead of its time.[64]

The Fountain won the $25,000 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Feature Film Prize in Science and Technology for its unique approach, and the award was presented at the Hamptons International Film Festival in October 2006.[65] The film was also nominated Satellite Awards for Best Cinematography and Best Visual Effects in 2006,[66] but lost to Flags of Our Fathers and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, respectively.[67]

The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films nominated 2006 Saturn Awards for The Fountain for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Actor (Hugh Jackman), and Best Special Effects,[68] but lost to Children of Men, Brandon Routh (Superman Returns), and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, respectively.[69]

[edit] Home video

The Fountain was released on DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray in the United States on May 15, 2007. The extras are a six-part featurette gallery about the film's periods and settings and the theatrical trailer.[70] DVD review site IGN notes that "there are serious issues with the 1.85:1 anamorphic transfer" on the DVD version of the film, in particular some scenes are "dark and indistinct", with poor shadow detail and a lack of sharpness throughout. The audio mix fares much better, being "lively with substantial, but tasteful, use of surround activity to immerse the viewer in the environments".[71]

Darren Aronofsky expressed disappointment with the DVD, having been in a long struggle with Warner Bros. as to whether he could record a commentary track. He has recorded a downloadable version[72], and is making an attempt at getting the film re-released in the Criterion Collection.[73]

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d Steve Silberman. "The Outsider", Wired News, 2006-11-01. Retrieved on 2006-11-11. 
  2. ^ a b Brian Linder. "Aronofsky, Pitt Team for Sci-Fi Epic", IGN, 2001-04-05. Retrieved on 2006-11-01. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f Daniel Fierman. "From Here to Eternity", Entertainment Weekly, 2006-12-01. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. 
  4. ^ Andrew Wright. "Long Strange Trip", The Stranger, 2006-11-22. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. 
  5. ^ Clint Morris. "Ask a Celeb : Darren Aronofsky's Answers!", Moviehole.net, 2007-01-29. Retrieved on 2007-02-17. 
  6. ^ a b c Steve Dollar. "The Fountain of youth...", Paste, 2006-11-06. Retrieved on 2006-11-11. 
  7. ^ Brian Linder. "Blanchett Joining Pitt in Aronofsky's Next", IGN, 2001-06-28. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. 
  8. ^ Fred Topel. "Crave talks to Darren Aronofsky", CraveOnline.com, 2006-11-27. Retrieved on 2006-12-18. 
  9. ^ Brian Linder. "Aronofsky's Sci-Fi Epic Postponed", IGN, 2001-08-31. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. 
  10. ^ Brian Linder. "Fountain Flows at Warner Bros.", IGN, 2002-07-25. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. 
  11. ^ a b Geoffrey Macnab. "'I knew we were going to get attacked ... '", Guardian Unlimited, 2006-09-07. Retrieved on 2006-10-08. 
  12. ^ a b c Brian Linder. "Brad Pitt: Achilles Heel", IGN, 2002-09-13. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. 
  13. ^ Brian Linder. "The Fountain Auctioned Off", IGN, 2003-08-26. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. 
  14. ^ Brian Linder. "The Fountain Flows Again", IGN, 2004-02-27. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. 
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  16. ^ a b c David Carr. "A Reincarnation Story That Won't Stay Dead", The New York Times, 2005-03-20. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. 
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[edit] Further reading

[edit] External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
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The films of Darren Aronofsky
π (1998) • Requiem for a Dream (2000) • The Fountain (2006) • The Wrestler (TBA)