The Fog of War

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The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara

Theatrical release poster
Directed by Errol Morris
Produced by Errol Morris
Michael Williams
Julie Ahlberg
Starring Robert McNamara
Distributed by Sony Pictures
Release date(s) Flag of France 21 May 2003 (premiere at Cannes)
Flag of the United States December 19, 2003 (limited)
Flag of Canada February 6, 2004 (limited)
Flag of Australia March 18, 2004
Flag of the United Kingdom April 2, 2004
Running time 95 min.
Country United States
Language English
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile
This article is about the Academy Award-winning documentary film. For the military and gaming concept, see Fog of war.

The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara is a 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former United States Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris. The film includes an original score by Philip Glass. It won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature.

The film consists of interviews with McNamara, detailing his life between 1961 and 1968 and the difficult career decisions he made during this period. The title refers to the uncertainty that descends over a battlefield once fighting begins.

Contents

[edit] Concept

Using archival footage, White House cabinet recordings, and an interview of the eighty-five-year old Robert McNamara, The Fog of War depicts his life from working as a Whiz Kid during World War II to being Ford Motor Company president, to managing the American Vietnam War as defense secretary for presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson — emphasizing the war's brutality under them, and how he was hired as defense secretary, despite little military experience.

In a 2004 appearance at U.C. Berkeley, Errol Morris said his inspiration for the documentary derived from McNamara's book (with James G. Blight), Wilson's Ghost: Reducing the Risk of Conflict, Killing, and Catastrophe in the 21st Century (2001).[1] He interviewed McNamara for more than twenty hours, yielding a two-hour documentary comprising eleven lessons drawn from McNamara's book In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (1996). The eleven lessons are McNamara's statements in the interview that is The Fog of War. Moreover, at that U.C. Berkeley event, McNamara disagreed with Morris's interpretations in The Fog of War, yet, on the documentary's completion, McNamara complemented the eleven lessons with ten, additional lessons; they are in The Fog of War DVD.

At Berkeley, when asked to apply the eleven lessons from In Retrospect to the U.S. invasion of Iraq, McNamara refused, arguing that ex-secretaries of defence must not comment upon the incumbent defence secretary's policies. He suggested other people could apply the eleven lessons to the war against Iraq, but that he would not, noting that the lessons are generally about war, not a specific war.

[edit] The film's eleven lessons

  1. Empathize with your enemy.
  2. Rationality will not save us.
  3. There's something beyond one's self.
  4. Maximize efficiency.
  5. Proportionality should be a guideline in war.
  6. Get the data.
  7. Belief and seeing are both often wrong.
  8. Be prepared to reexamine your reasoning.
  9. In order to do good, you may have to engage in evil.
  10. Never say never.
  11. You can't change human nature.

[edit] McNamara's additional ten lessons

These were written as a companion to the film and are included in the Special Features of the DVD.

  1. The human race will not eliminate war in this century but we can reduce war, the level of killing, by adhering to the principles of a just war, in particular of proportionality.
  2. The indefinite combinations of human fallibility and nuclear weapons will lead to the destruction of nations.
  3. We are the most powerful nation in the world — economically, politically, and militarily — and we are likely to remain so for decades ahead. But we are not omniscient. If we cannot persuade other nations with similar interests and similar values of the merits of the proposed use of that power, we should not proceed unilaterally except in the unlikely requirement to defend the continental US, Alaska and Hawaii.
  4. Moral principles are often ambiguous guides to foreign policy and defense policy, but surely we can agree that we should establish as a major goal of U.S. foreign policy and, indeed, of foreign policy across the globe : the avoidance in this century of the carnage — 160 million dead — caused by conflict in the 20th century.
  5. We, the richest nation in the world, have failed in our responsibility to our own poor and to the disadvantaged across the world to help them advance their welfare in the most fundamental terms of nutrition, literacy, health, and employment.
  6. Corporate executives must recognize there is no contradiction between a soft heart and a hard head. Of course, they have responsibilities to their employees, their customers and to society as a whole.
  7. President Kennedy believed a primary responsibility of a president — indeed the primary responsibility of a president — is to keep the nation out of war, if at all possible.
  8. War is a blunt instrument by which to settle disputes between or within nations, and economic sanctions are rarely effective. Therefore, we should build a system of jurisprudence based on the International Court — that the U.S. has refused to support — which would hold individuals responsible for crimes against humanity.
  9. If we are to deal effectively with terrorists across the globe, we must develop a sense of empathy — I don't mean sympathy but rather understanding to counter their attacks on us and the Western World.
  10. One of the greatest dangers we face today is the risk that terrorists will obtain access to weapons of mass destruction as a result of the breakdown of the Non-Proliferation Regime. We in the U.S. are contributing to that breakdown.

[edit] 11 Lessons from Vietnam

The origin of the film's lesson concept is the eleven lessons in McNamara's 1996 book In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam:

Recently it has been discovered that the DVD is imprinted with a dual-soundtrack, The White House telephone conversation between President Johnson and Robert McNamara in Chapter 14, concludes with two versions. Johnson says.."OK Bob..." in the latest DVD software, and "I Give UP!" in older DVD software, or by enabling the 'English Subtitles'.

  1. We misjudged then — and we have since — the geopolitical intentions of our adversaries … and we exaggerated the dangers to the United States of their actions.
  2. We viewed the people and leaders of South Vietnam in terms of our own experience … We totally misjudged the political forces within the country.
  3. We underestimated the power of nationalism to motivate a people to fight and die for their beliefs and values.
  4. Our judgments of friend and foe alike reflected our profound ignorance of the history, culture, and politics of the people in the area, and the personalities and habits of their leaders.
  5. We failed then — and have since — to recognize the limitations of modern, high-technology military equipment, forces and doctrine.
  6. We failed as well to adapt our military tactics to the task of winning the hearts and minds of people from a totally different culture.
  7. We failed to draw Congress and the American people into a full and frank discussion and debate of the pros and cons of a large-scale military involvement … before we initiated the action.
  8. After the action got under way and unanticipated events forced us off our planned course … we did not fully explain what was happening and why we were doing what we did.
  9. We did not recognize that neither our people nor our leaders are omniscient. Our judgment of what is in another people's or country's best interest should be put to the test of open discussion in international forums. We do not have the God-given right to shape every nation in our image or as we choose.
  10. We did not hold to the principle that U.S. military action … should be carried out only in conjunction with multinational forces supported fully (and not merely cosmetically) by the international community.
  11. We failed to recognize that in international affairs, as in other aspects of life, there may be problems for which there are no immediate solutions … At times, we may have to live with an imperfect, untidy world.

Underlying many of these errors lay our failure to organize the top echelons of the executive branch to deal effectively with the extraordinarily complex range of political and military issues.

[edit] Charity

Sony Pictures Classics allowed proceeds from limited screenings of The Fog of War to benefit Clear Path International's work with victims of war in Vietnam.

[edit] References

Source: Globe and Mail, Jan. 24, 2004 - registration required

[edit] References

  1. ^ UC Berkeley News

[edit] External links

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v • d • e
Films directed by Errol Morris
Awards
Preceded by
Bowling for Columbine		 Academy Award for Documentary Feature
2003		 Succeeded by
Born into Brothels