Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills
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The Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) is a standardized test used in Texas primary and secondary schools to assess students' attainment of reading, writing, math, science, and social studies skills required under Texas education standards. It is developed and scored by Pearson Educational Measurement with close supervision by the Texas Education Agency. Though created before the No Child Left Behind Act was passed, it complies with the law. It replaced the previous test, called the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills or TAAS, in 2003.
Those attending home schools or private schools are not required to take the TAKS test.
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[edit] Test Development
The Texas Education Agency, Pearson, and Texas educators collaborate to make TAKS a valid assessment of the state curriculum objectives. First, teachers reviewed the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills(state-mandated curriculum) to determine the objectives to assess on each grade level. Then educators determined how the objectives could be best assessed and developed guidelines outlining eligible test content and test-item formats. TEA created a test blueprint. Each year Pearson develops test items based on the objectives and guidelines, and the TEA reviews those items. Teacher committees are brought to Austin to review the proposed test items, and finally the items are field-tested on Texas students. Using the input of the teacher committee and the results of field-testing, TEA and Pearson build the TAKS. A more detailed explanation is available from the Student Assessment Division of TEA. [1]
[edit] Test Structure
The tested subjects vary depending on grade level; however, reading and math are always part of the exam.
| ELA | Reading | Writing | Math | Science | Social Studies | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade 3 | ✔ | ✔ | ||||
| Grade 4 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
| Grade 5 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
| Grade 6 | ✔ | ✔ | ||||
| Grade 7 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
| Grade 8 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
| Grade 9 | ✔ | ✔ | ||||
| Grade 10 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
| Exit Level | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Every portion of the exam includes multiple choice questions. The high school reading and English language arts (combined reading and writing) tests also require students to answer three open-ended (short answer) questions: one on the literary selection, one on the expository piece, and one "crossover" synthesizing the two. The writing and ELA tests include a written composition as well. The 9th-11th grade reading test permits the use of a dictionary and/or thesaurus, and the high school math and science tests allow the use of calculators along with formula charts. Currently, the TAKS is not timed.
TEA provides TAKS Information Bookletscontaining details, student expectations, rubrics, and sample test items.
Some released tests are also available online.
[edit] Scoring
The science, social studies, math, and reading tests (before grade 9) consist of multiple-choice questions scored by computer. On each test, a scaled score of 2100 is required to pass and 2400 is required to earn "commended" status. Performance standards showing the raw scores are available online. [2]
The essay and short answer portions found in grade 4, 7, 9, 10, and 11 are scored by graders in Dallas, Austin, and Albuquerque. The graders are not all teachers, but Pearson requires its graders to have a bachelor's degree and prefers experience in education.[3]
The written composition is graded on a scale of 0-4. Students must earn a score of 2 or better on their written composition in order to meet the standard in writing or ELA.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| off topic | ineffective | somewhat effective | effective | highly effective |
The open-ended items (short answer) are graded on a scale of 0-3.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| insufficient | partially sufficient | sufficient | exemplary |
The ELA (10th-11th grade)raw score is calculated as shown in this chart.
| Item value | No. of items | Points per section | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Choice | 1 | 48 | 48 | |
| Open Ended | 3 | 3 | 9 | |
| Written Composition | 16 | 1 | 16 | |
| 73 |
The 9th grade reading test raw score is calculated as shown in this chart.
| Item value | No. of items | Points per section | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Choice | 1 | 33 | 33 | |
| Open Ended | 3 | 3 | 9 | |
| 42 |
The raw score for the 7th grade writing test is calculated as shown.
| Item value | No. of items | Points per section | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Choice | 1 | 40 | 40 | |
| Written Composition | 4 | 1 | 4 | |
| 44 |
The raw score for the 4th grade writing test is calculated as shown.
| Item value | No. of items | Points per section | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Choice | 1 | 28 | 28 | |
| Written Composition | 4 | 1 | 4 | |
| 32 |
Then, the raw score is converted to a scaled score. As with the other tests, a scaled score of 2100 meets the standard and 2400 is a commended performance. In 2007, the 11th grade "met standard" level was a raw score of 42, 10th was 44, and 9th was 28. 7th "met standard" with 26 points and 4th with 20.[4] However, the points needed to meet the standard may change slightly from year to year depending on the test's level of difficulty, so all students should do their best and not aim for a particular numeric score.
[edit] Graduation Requirements
Texas high school seniors cannot graduate unless they pass exit-level TAKS tests in English language arts, social studies, math, and science. During their junior and senior years of high school, students are given five chances to pass the test.[5]
[edit] Alternative Assessments
In 2007, the TEA introduced TAKS (Accommodated), TAKS-M, and TAKS-Alt to assess students receiving special education services. Determination of the appropriate assessment is made by the ARD committee based on each individual student's instructional supports and current level of functioning. A brief description of each assessment can be found on page 19 of the ARD manual.[6] TAKS (Accommodated) has fewer items per page, larger font size, and no field-test items, but still possesses the same content as standard TAKS. TAKS-M (modified) is adjusted to have a larger font size, fewer items per page, reduced number of answer choices, and embedded questions depending upon the subject being assessed. While the TAKS-M items use simplified wording, content is still assessed on grade level. [7] Only 2% of students per district will be permissibly scored as "Proficient" using the TAKS-M. TAKS-Alt (alternative) has a 1% permissibility ceiling and is for students facing significant cognitive disabilities.
(Current as of March 2008)
[edit] Controversies and Changes
Former State Board of Education candidate Mark Loewe (Ph. D. Physics, B. S. Physics, B. S. Chemistry) identified scoring mistakes made on questions of the Spring 2003 TAKS Mathematics and Science tests;[8] two of the science questions were discussed in The New York Times.[9] Incorrect scores were issued to more than 400,000 students. According to Loewe, the Texas Education Agency issued false statements about several of the mistakes[10] and failed to correct any of the mistakes.[citation needed]
Also controversial is the mathematics section of the exit level test. This section of the test covers Algebra I, Geometry, and minimal use of basic skills, such as graphs, charts, and grids. The controversy lies in the fact that many students who take higher levels of mathematics seem to fail this test because it does not test their higher-level skills, instead testing skills that they have not recently studied. However, many in the educational community praise the test not for testing higher-level skills but for its assessment of critical thinking based on lower-level skills. Arguably this normalizes the testing field, allowing all students of all mathematical backgrounds to be scored on their knowledge and skills.[citation needed]
The TAKS test's grading standards have come under fire, as some deem them to be too easy.[11] In addition, hundreds of schools throughout Texas have been investigated and audited by the Texas Education Association due to suspicious scoring discrepancies.[12] Also, there is the issue with teachers teaching to the TAKS test, instead of the standard Texas curriculum.
In order to reduce the burden of field testing, Texas' State Board of Education has not released to the public those questions used to determine student scores on the Spring 2005 or Spring 2007 TAKS tests. Regrettably, this prevents public review of the questions and answers (for appropriateness and correctness) and denies opportunities for students, teachers, and others to learn from the tests. However, university-level experts in each of the fields review each high school-level test for accuracy. Grade-level teachers also review test items for appropriateness prior to field testing and review the field test results in order to select the best questions for inclusion in the test item bank.
Recently, there has been some discussion of allowing those 10th graders who achieve "commended" status on the TAKS exam to be exempt from the test during their 11th grade year.
With Senate Bill 1031 in spring 2007, Texas legislators repealed TAKS in favor of End of Course exams in high school; however, this change will happen gradually. Students who enter ninth grade in the 2011-2012 school year will have to take end-of-course exams in core subjects. Students who entered ninth grade before 2011 will still have to pass the exit-level TAKS to graduate. A calendar which shows the field test and implementation schedule has been developed.[13]
According to the Texas Federation of Teachers, the EOC will require students taking either the Recommended or Advanced curriculum to take three end-of-course exams in each of four core subjects: English I, English II, English III; Algebra I, Algebra II, Geometry; Biology, Chemistry, Physics; World Geography, World History, U.S. History [14]
[edit] References
- ^ "Student Assessment Division", Texas Education Agency, 2007-10-02. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.
- ^ Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills, Performance Standards (2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
- ^ Pearson, Professional Scorers (2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
- ^ Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills, Spring 2007 Performance Standards (Spring 2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
- ^ "Texas High School Graduation Requirements", Texas Education Agency, 2003-12-16. Retrieved on 2007-10-02.
- ^ "Revised ARD Committee Decision Making Process for the Texas Assessment Program", Texas Education Agency, 2007-2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
- ^ "TAKS-M Informational Brochure", Texas Education Agency, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
- ^ Loewe, Mark. (untitled, "failure to correct scoring mistakes"). Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
- ^ Guernsey, Lisa (2005-04-24), “None Of the Above”, The New York Times, <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E7DB133EF937A15757C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print>. Retrieved on 25 June 2007
- ^ Loewe, Mark. (untitled, "Question 11, Spring 2003, Grade 11, TAKS Science test"). Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
Loewe, Mark. (untitled, "Question 45, Spring 2003, Grade 11, TAKS Science test"). Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
Loewe, Mark. (untitled, "Question 50, Spring 2003, Grade 10, TAKS Science test"). Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
Loewe, Mark. (untitled, "Question 8, Spring 2003, Grade 10, TAKS Mathematics test"). Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
Loewe, Mark. (untitled, "Question 13, Spring 2003, Grade 5, TAKS Science test"). Retrieved on 2007-06-29. - ^ Embry, Jason (2007-10-04), “Study Questions Difficulty of TAKS”, The Austin American-Statesman, <http://www.statesman.com/news/content/region/legislature/stories/10/04/1004tests.html>. Retrieved on 5 October 2007
- ^ Castro, April (2006-06-11), “Analysis suggests TAKS irregularities in Texas”, Kilgore News Herald, <http://www.kilgorenewsherald.com/news/2006/0611/News/047.html>
- ^ Texas Education Agency. ""END-OF-COURSE ASSESSMENTS:Implementation"", Assessment Division, 2007-10-22. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
- ^ TFT. ""SB 1031: Not Just "Getting Rid of TAKS"", Legislative Hotline, 2007-06-04. Retrieved on 2007-10-04.
[edit] Links
Texas Education Agency. Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills(State Mandatated Curriculum). Last updated 29 March 2007.
Texas Education Agency. Released TAKS testsLast updated August 2006.
Texas Education Agency. TAKS Study Guides.Last updated March 2005.
Texas Education Agency. 2007-2008 Testing Calendar.
Pearson. Register for TAKS (only for students not enrolled in school).
Tips4Taks. Helpful resources for TAKS (Online Practice).
Texas Education Agency. TAKS-M. August 2007.
Texas Education Agency. TAKS-Alt. August 2007.
