Tenebrae

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Tenebrae (Latin for shadows) is a Christian religious service celebrated by the Western Church on the eves of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday, which are the last three days of Holy Week. The liturgy of Tenebrae is characterized by the gradual extinguishing of candles while a series of readings and psalms are chanted or recited. Tenebrae is observed by the Roman Catholic Church (though not widely), and by some churches within the Anglican Communion. The name may also be used for various Holy Week services among Protestant churches.

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[edit] Roman Catholicism

The traditional Roman Catholic Tenebrae is a combination of Matins (composed of 3 nocturns each day) and Lauds, the first two hours of the Divine Office. The readings of each day's first nocturn are taken from the Book of Lamentations. Each day, the office of Tenebrae contains 15 psalms, 9 readings, and one canticle, the Benedictus (Song of Zechariah). Lighting is gradually reduced throughout the service. Initially 15 candles are lit and are placed on a special stand known as a hearse, which are extinguished one by one after each psalm. The last candle is hidden beneath the altar, ending the service in total darkness. In some places the use of a strepitus (Latin for "great noise") is included as part of the service. The great noise is usually generated by slamming a book closed, banging a hymnal or breviary against the pew, or stomping on the floor, symbolizing the earthquake that followed Christ's death. This custom seems to have originated as a simple signal to depart in silence.[1] Following the great noise a single candle, which had been hidden from view, is returned to the top of the hearse, signifying the return of Christ to the world with the Resurrection.

The lessons of the first nocturn at Matins are taken from the Book of Lamentations. These lessons have been set to music by many composers, of whom the most famous are Palestrina, Tallis, Lassus, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, François Couperin, Ernst Krenek (Lamentatio Jeremiae prophetae, op. 93) and Stravinsky (Threni). In addition, the responses have been set by Lassus, Gesualdo, Victoria and Jan Dismas Zelenka. Musical settings are listed at length in the main article: Lamentations of Jeremiah the Prophet.

The lessons of the second nocturn are taken from the writings of St. Augustine, and the lessons of the third nocturn are taken from the epistles of Paul the Apostle. These have been neglected by composers and are not provided with a lesson tone in the Liber usualis.

The office of Tenebrae was universal within the Roman Rite until the reforms of the breviary following the Second Vatican Council. However, the liturgy is still conducted today, especially among traditionalists.

[edit] Protestant Traditions

The name Tenebrae is also given to various other Holy Week services held by some Protestant churches including the Lutheran, United Methodist, United Church of Christ and Presbyterian churches. Variations of Tenebrae are sometimes celebrated in less formal or non-denominational churches as well.

Protestant versions of Tenebrae service, particularly on Maundy Thursday or Good Friday, often contain readings from the gospels which describe the time between the Last Supper and the Passion of Christ. Another frequent element in Protestant Tenebrae services is the inclusion of the last seven sayings of Jesus, assembled from the various gospel accounts.[2][3]

Some Protestant versions of the service combine Tenebrae with the communion service of Maundy Thursday and/or with the stripping of the altar. The stripping of the altar involves the removal of any decorative elements, such as any cloths on the altar, candles, or removable devotional objects. Immovable objects such as large icons, statues, and crucifixes, are covered by plain cloths or otherwise hidden in some manner. The stark appearance of the church mirrors the silence maintained at the end of Tenebrae. Often the elaboration of the acts of worship are reduced. The service may start with an organ and full choir, which is gradually reduced until the end of Tenebrae, at which point all depart in silence.

[edit] References

  1. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14506a.htm Thurston, Herbert. "Tenebrae". Catholic Encyclopedia.
  2. ^ "http://www.homiliesbyemail.com/Special/friday/tenebrae2.html" Larson, Ann K.
  3. ^ "http://joshberrus.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/sevensayingsgf07.pdf" Open Door Baptist Church, Raleigh, NC

[edit] External links

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