Temple of Isthmia

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Temple of Isthmia, The Temple of Poseidon, located on the Isthmus of Corinth, about 10 miles east of the Ancient City. The site was originally found by Oscar Broneer in 1952 with excavations continuing until 1967. Between August 16th and November 29th 1989 a new period of excavation was undertaken, this was, in the most part to clear up some of the disputes that had arisen over the conclusions Broneer had made on his finds. The first report of the 1989 findings was published in Hesperia in 1992, with subsequent reports following in later years and has contributed to the debate which primarily focuses around the dating of the temple, but also includes the nature of its layout and general usage and development.

The site, originally discovered in 1952 by Oscar Broneer who published his findings in a series of three volumes starting in 1971, and in articles in the Hesperia Journal. In these Broneer dated the temple to about 700 BC and produced a reconstruction of the temple which featured a wooden peristyle in the Doric style. Historians have questioned both of these features and so formed the core reasons for the 1989 study. The incentive behind finding the answers to these questions lie in the importance of the temple itself.

The site of the Temple of Poseidon was one of great activity up until the third century AD. It was the last location of one of the four Pan-Hellenic games from the sixth century (around 581 BC ) to be found, and had numerous buildings constructed in its vicinity. These ranged from Roman baths to a theatre and most importantly two temples. The Archaic temple was the first erected and was destroyed by fire in 470 BC; the site of the temple was then rebuilt upon, resulting in a larger temple constructed directly on top of the Archaic in the Classical period, which was also destroyed by fire, this time in 390 BC. Excavations of the site were conducted in both the original 1952 excavations, and again in 1989. The latter excavations helped to uncover evidence relating to all the areas of development of Isthmia from the Bronze age to the Roman period, but in particular focused on the Archaic temple, partly because this is the most complete of the buildings found at the site despite being one of the oldest.

The Archaic temple is valuable to Ancient history for several reasons. With the progression of the centuries from the eighth to the seventh it is apparent that there is the emergence of a new period in both Greek architectural and artistic history. Corinth was at the centre of this with its development of new pottery design, settlement planning, military organisation and most significantly being the possible birthplace of monumental buildings and a new style of Architecture known as the Doric order. The date of the Archaic temple’s construction is important then as it establishes when monumental architecture began as well as when the transition from Iron Age architecture to Doric occurred. This was also the point where the Greek temple as a whole became a defined form.

[edit] Dating

The debates that occurred after the first publication of Broneer's results focused on his inclusion of a wooden peristyle of the Doric order, and a construction date of c.700 BC. Historians such as J. B. Salmons in his book Wealthy Corinth (1984) stated that the temple was constructed under the reign of Cypselus; this contradicted Broneer's suggestions as Cypselus did not achieve power until 657 BC, and so would put back the creation of the temple by about 50 years. Furthermore it was disputed whether the temple was even Doric in design and the proposed plan of Broneer detailing the temples foundations had little evidence in support. The 1989 excavations contained important discoveries that helped to establish that the temple was actually constructed later than Broneer had anticipated, and puts it at a date that ranges from about 690 to 650 BC. This date would mean that it could have been possible for it to have been constructed during Cypselus’ reign, as well as suggesting a later date for appearance of monumental buildings. The excavations achieved their results through a variety of methods. Prior to the excavations topographical and stratigraphical investigations were carried out of the known buildings under the surface. When digging commenced trenches were made, these were for the most part extensions on Broneer’s original trenches. The soil that was collected was then both dry sieved and wet sieved and from this many finds were made. Deposits containing large amounts of pottery, ashes as well as stone foundations were all found which helped to determine answers to many of the questions that had been raised. The Ceramics recovered helped to ascertain a more accurate date, this was through the finding of pottery such as that of the aryballoi style, which is an effective means of dating owing to their introduction at the beginning of the seventh century. Furthermore the ground plan and surrounding features of the site were now able to be mapped with a good degree of accuracy. In the reports, this fact that the temple floor plan could be reconstructed accurately is mentioned as the most important find of the 1989 excavations. The ground plan showed a temple that was of unrivalled proportions for its time and of a layout that was almost entirely new. This therefore showed the origins of monumental buildings on the Greek mainland and provided an approximate date. Also though it further established that there was no evidence for the employment of the Doric style as suggested by Broneer. Although Broneer stated of his reconstruction that it was speculative, and still appears to have no evidence in support its existence, this does not mean the temple was not one of the pioneering buildings featuring Doric architecture. This is because all that is known from the temple is what has been found in deposits of pottery and the stone foundations, as the temple was completely destroyed in 470 BC (also known from pottery discovered during excavations, particularly burnt pottery ). There is little that remains other than the floor plan, or at least that has been found thus far, and so the actual style is hard to put any firm conclusion to. It is however apparent from the excavations though, the layout of supporting pillars and dimensions, which beyond doubt can tell us that it was a temple of epic proportions for its time.

Ultimately the importance of the Isthmian site stems from the fact that almost all the knowledge of the Archaic temple comes from archaeology. There are few references in contemporary Greek literature, for example in Herodotus’ The Histories there is mention only of Cypselus’ reign in passing, being one of great prosperity, and of the battles and beginning of the Pan-Hellenic games at Isthmia. This means that when studying the origins of Greek monumental architecture and the Doric order and such like, the archaeology remains the only real source of information. In this respects the temple at Isthmia is key in looking at these early developments and the 1989 excavations helped to establish details concerning dating, size and style. From this further study can now be undertaken such as who built the temple, as suggested earlier Cypselus is noted as a candidate but it could well have been before his time. Furthermore, future excavations may be able to uncover more evidence on the temples relation to Doric architecture and so overall bring together a clearer picture of the changes that occurred as Greece moved on from the Iron Age into the Classical period.

[edit] References

• Simon Hornblower (ed.) & Antony Spawforth (ed.). (1996). The Oxford Classical Dictionary 3rd Edition. Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN 0-19-860641-9
• Hemans, Frederick P. ‘Greek Architectural Terracotta from the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Isthmia’. Hesperia Supplements, Volume 27 (1994), pp. 61-83, 362-364
• Gebhard, Elizabeth R. and Hemans, Frederick P. University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia, 1989: I. Hesperia, Volume 61, Number 1 (January 1992), pp. 1-77
• Rhodes, Robin F. ‘Early Corinthian Architecture and the Origins of the Doric Order.’ American Journal of Archaeology. Volume 91, Number 3 (July 1987), pp. 477-480
• Michael Grant (author). (1987). The Rise of the Greeks. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0753801787
• Gebhard, Elizabeth on ‘The Evolution of a Pan-Hellenic Sanctuary: From Archaeology towards History at Isthmia.’ pp 154-177 in: Marinatos, Nanno (ed.) and Hagg, Robin (ed.). (1993). Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches. London: Routledge
• Michael Shanks (archaeologist). (1996). Classical Archaeology of Greece. London: Routledge, page 10
• Briers, William R. (1996). The Archaeology of Greece 2nd Edition. New York: Cornell University
• Salmon, J. B. (1984). Wealthy Corinth: A History of the City to 338 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 019814833X
• Herodotus, The Histories (6.92)