| Date |
Author |
Artisan temperament |
Idealist temperament |
Guardian temperament |
Rational temperament |
| c. 400 BC |
Hippocrates' four humours |
blood |
yellow bile |
black bile |
phlegm |
| Organ: |
liver |
gall bladder |
spleen |
brain/lungs |
| Characteristics: |
courageous, amorous |
easily angered |
despondent, sleepless |
calm, unemotional |
| c. 325 BC |
Aristotle's four sources of happiness |
hedone (sensuous pleasure) |
ethikos (moral virtue) |
propraitari (acquiring assets) |
dialogike (logical investigation) |
| c. 190 AD |
Galen's four temperaments |
sanguine |
choleric |
melancholic |
phlegmatic |
| c. 1030 |
Avicenna's four primary temperaments |
hot & moist |
hot & dry |
cold & dry |
cold & moist |
| Morbid states: |
inflammations become febrile, loss of vigour, lassitude |
inflammations become febrile, loss of vigour |
fevers related to serious humour, rheumatism |
fevers related to serious humour, rheumatism, lassitude |
| Functional power: |
deficient energy, difficult digestion |
deficient energy |
deficient digestive power |
deficient digestive power, difficult digestion |
| Subjective sensations: |
bitter taste, excessive thirst, burning at cardia, mucoid salivation, sleepiness |
bitter taste, excessive thirst, burning at cardia, insomnia, wakefulness |
lack of desire for fluids, insomnia, wakefulness |
lack of desire for fluids, mucoid salivation, sleepiness |
| Physical signs: |
high pulse rate, lassitude, diarrhea, swollen eyelids |
high pulse rate, lassitude, rough skin, acquired habit |
flaccid joints, rough skin, acquired habit |
flaccid joints, diarrhea, swollen eyelids |
| c. 1550 |
Paracelsus' four totem spirits |
changeable salamanders |
inspired nymphs |
industrious gnomes |
curious sylphs |
| c. 1905 |
Adicke's four world views |
innovative |
doctrinaire |
traditional |
skeptical |
| c. 1910 |
Steiner's Waldorf education |
Sanguine |
Choleric |
Melancholic |
Phlegmatic |
| c. 1912 |
Dreikurs'/Adler four mistaken goals |
Retaliation |
Recognition |
Service |
Power |
| c. 1914 |
Spränger's four value attitudes |
artistic |
religious |
economic |
theoretic |
| c. 1920 |
Kretschmer's four character styles |
hypomanic |
hyperesthetic |
depressive |
anesthetic |
| c. 1947 |
Erich Fromm's four orientations |
exploitative |
receptive |
hoarding |
marketing |
| c. 1958 |
Myers' Jungian aspects of sixteen types |
SP - sensory perception |
NF - intuitive feeling |
SJ - sensory judgement |
NT - intuitive thinking |
| c. 1978 |
Keirsey/Bates four temperaments (old) |
Dionysian |
Apollonian |
Epimethean |
Promethean |
| c. 1998 |
Keirsey's four temperaments |
Artisan |
Idealist |
Guardian |
Rational |
| Keirsey, David [1978] (May 1, 1998). Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence, 1st Ed., Prometheus Nemesis Book Co. ISBN 1885705026. |
| Lutz, Peter L. (2002), The Rise of Experimental Biology: An Illustrated History, Humana Press, p. 60, ISBN 0896038351 |
