Technogamia

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Technogamia, or the Marriages of the Arts is a Jacobean era stage play, an allegory written by Barten Holyday that was first performed and published in 1618.[1]

Contents

[edit] Performances

Technogamia was first staged on February 13, 1618 by the students of Christ Church, Oxford in Christ Church Hall. An academic play as opposed to the popular theatre of the time, Technogamia was a significant instance in the move away from the Latin language to English in academic drama — an evolution that was ongoing in its era, as marked by plays like Lingua, Albumazar, and Pathomachia.

Technogamia was revived for a Court performance on August 26, 1621, when it was staged for King James I at Woodstock Palace. James did not enjoy the performance, however, and more than once was ready to walk out, though he was prevailed upon to stay to the end for the sake of the young actors. This lack of success provoked some mockery; Barten Holyday earned the nickname "half Holyday," and satirical poems on the matter circulated in both universities.[2] (Verses on the subject by Peter Heylin are most often cited in the critical literature.)

(James, who hated smoking and wrote A Counterblaste to Tobacco, could not have been pleased that the play included a song in praise of the habit. It begins,

Tobacco's a musician,
And in the pipe delighteth,
It descends in a close
Through the organs of the nose
With a relish that inviteth...

— and continues in the same vein, comparing tobacco to a lawyer, a physician, a traveler, a critic and other figures.)

[edit] Publication

The play was published in 1618, in a quarto printed by William Stansby for the bookseller John Parker. A second quarto was issued in 1630, printed by John Haviland for Richard Meighen.

[edit] Author

Barten Holyday (1593–1661; his name is sometimes modernized to Barton Holiday) earned a Doctor of Divinity degree, and entered the clergy in 1615; he was appointed archdeacon of Oxford by King Charles I in 1626. Technogamia was his only play. In 1618, the year it was produced, Holyday served as Sir Francis Stewart's chaplain on Stewart's embassy to Spain. Holyday translated the Odes of Horace and works of Juvenal and Persius, and wrote A Survey of the World, in Verse (1661), plus sermons and miscellaneous works.[3] He was summed up by one commentator as "a good scholar, a shrewd critic, and a fair wit."[4] His translations show strong fidelity to their originals, and have often been considered the best of his works.

[edit] Genre

The allegorical form, so extensively employed in Medieval literature, was decidedly old-fashioned by the early 17th century; yet a few writers were still exploiting its potentials in the early Stuart era. In addition to Thomas Tomkis's Lingua, and Pathomachia (probably also by Tomkis), cited above, a list of allegorical plays from Holyday's period could include Nabbes's Microcosmus, Randolph's The Muses' Looking Glass, and William Strode's The Floating Island.

In Technogamia, Holyday attempts to apply the hoary old form of allegory in what was, for his generation, a rather "modern" way. One of the play's primary themes is the defense of Geometres and Astronomia against Magus and his spouse Astrologia — a defense of the emerging scientific world view against the superstitions of prior historical ages.[5]

[edit] The allegory

Holyday's lengthy and detailed allegory is concerned with the relationships among the arts and sciences of his era, all of which are personified in fashions typical of the allegorical form. The abstractions include:

  • Physica and her dauther Astronomia
  • Ethicus and his wife Economa
  • Polites the magistrate
  • the traveler Geographicus and his servant Phantastes
  • Logicus and his servant Phegmaticus
  • Grammaticus the schoolmaster and Choler his usher
  • Medicus and his servant Sanguis
  • Poeta and his servant Melancholico

— plus Arithmetica, Geometres, Musica, Historia, and others. Among the play's villains are the above-mentioned Magus and Astrologia, plus Ceiromantes (from chiromancy or palmistry) and Physiognomus (from physiognomy), two gypsy cheats. The characters' names and the disciplines they represent are for the most part self-evident — though some of the servants derive from the traditional theory of the Four Temperaments.

Astronomia is the play's heroine, pursued in different ways by Poeta, Geographicus, and Geometres. But Historia longs to unite with Poeta; Grammaticus pursues Rhetorica, though she prefers Logicus. Amid a confusion of cross purposes, the figures seek out allies in their amorous quests: Poeta is naturally aided by the Muses, while Magus backs Geometres, and Polites helps Geographicus while struggling to maintain peace and order. The gypies pick Poeta's pockets, though they gain nothing but copies of Anacreon and Horace. They are punished for their crime with branding — predictably enough, Physiognomus is branded on the face, and Ceiromantes on the hand. Magus and Astrologia are banshed from the community of the sciences after they try to strangle Astronomia. Some couples are united: Geographicus marries Astronomia (and fires his servant Phantastes); Melancholico marries Musica (and Phantastes gets a job in their household). The cold-hearted Logicus remains a bachelor and becomes Polites' assistant, and order is restored to the sciences once again.

The figures were lavishly costumed, as the text specifies. [See Lingua for comparable lushness in costuming.] Astronomia is outfitted in "white gloves and pumps, an azure gown, and a mantle seeded with stars; on her head a tiara, bearing on the front seven stars, and behind stars promiscuously; on the right side, the sun; on the left, the moon." Sanguis is dressed appropriately in red; on the front of his suit is pictured a man with a bleeding nose, and on the back an image of bloodletting from an arm. The tobacco-loving Phlegmaticus wears a "pale russet suit" adorned with tobacco pipes and paraphernalia and a can of drink (not an anachronism: there were "cans", or "cannikins," of beer at the time).

[edit] Critical responses

Holyday's text is rich and dense with contemporary allusions and references. Scholars, critics, and commentators have exploited its particular features for insight on literary questions, word usage, Jacobean customs...even the development of cartography[6] and advertising.[7]

[edit] References

  1. ^ M. Jean Carmel Cavanaugh, ed., Technogamia by Barten Holyday: A Critical Edition, Washington DC, Catholic University of America Press, 1942.
  2. ^ Paul Salzman, Literary Culture in Jacobean England: Reading 1621, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002; pp. 132-3.
  3. ^ Alexander Chalmers, ed., The General Biographical Dictionary, London, J. Nichols & Son, et al., 1814; Vol. 18, pp. 95-6.
  4. ^ Adolphus William Ward, A History of English Drama to the Death of Queen Anne, London, Macmillan, 1899; Vol. 3, pp. 176-8.
  5. ^ Nicholas Tyacke, Aspects of English Protestantism C. 1530–1700, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2001; p. 245.
  6. ^ Robert R. Cawley, Unpathed Waters: Studies in the Influence of the Voyages on Elizabethan Literature, London, Routledge, 1940; reprinted London, Frank Cass, 1967; p. 98.
  7. ^ Henry Sampson, A History of Advertising from the Earliest Times, London, Chatto & Windus, 1874; pp. 54-5.