User:T L Miles/stuff

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This is a page for stuff I need to follow up upon, mostly weblinks I find when away from home.

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Contents

[edit] Citations used a lot

  • Robert J. Mundt. Historical Dictionary of the Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire). Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - London (1987) ISBN 0810820293
  • Lucie Gallistel Colvin. Historical Dictionary of Senegal. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - London (1981) ISBN 081081885x
  • Pascal James Imperato. Historical Dictionary of Mali. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - London (1986) ISBN 0810813696
  • James Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - London (1979) ISBN 0810812290
  • Finn Fuglestad. A History of Niger: 1850-1960. Cambridge University Press (1983) ISBN 0521252687

[edit] Search resources

[edit] 2008-03-19/2

  • Alpoim Calvão De Conakry ao M.D.L.P: Dossier secreto. Intervenção: Lisbon (1976)
  • Saturnino Monteiro . Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa 6º Periodo - de 1808 a 1975

(Debilidade económica; divisão ideológica)

  • Piero Gleijeses. The First Ambassadors: Cuba's Contribution to Guinea-Bissau's War of Independence. Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Feb., 1997), pp. 45-88
Calvão qouted saying that Cabral would have been killed if captured
Benjamim de Abreu sub commandeer of operation, also future MDLP operative

[edit] Mali football clubs pics

[edit] 2008-03-10

S. Kobele-Keita. Qui'a organisé l'agression du 22 novembre 1970 contre la Guinée? Conakry: Ed. universitaires, 1993

Ladipo Adamolekun, "L'agression du 22 Novembre 1970: Faits et commentaires," Revuefrancaise des etudes politi- ques africaines,

[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN26036pierrsiagut0# Pierre Clostermann, Sékou Touré et les Portugais FRANCE - 26 mars 2006 - par ANDRÉ LEWIN ANCIEN AMBASSADEUR DE FRANCE EN GUINÉE (1976-1979)

[http://www.westafrik.com/perpetrateurs/portugal/index.html L'enjeu pour le Portugal. Les prisonniers militaires du PAIGC d'Amilcar Cabral Transférés de Mamou sur ordre de Sékou Touré , ils furent incarcérés au siège du PAICG à Bellevue (Conakry), d'où ils seront extraits le 22 novembre 1970 par les commandos portugais accompagnés d'opposants Guinéens civils et armés au régime de Sékou Touré]

[http://www.westafrik.com/victimes/novembre22/index.html webGuinée Memorial Camp Boiro Attaque du 22 Novembre 1970].

Décision du Bureau Politique National

A la suite de l'agression impérialo-portugaise du 22 novembre 1970 et devant la nécessité d'organiser avec rigueur la mobilisation du Peuple et la défense de la Patrie, le BPN décide : les différents organismes chargés des opérations dans le cadre de la défense de la Révolution sont réorganisés de la façon suivante:

Haut-Commandement

La direction générale des opérations est confiée à un Haut-Commandement qui comprend :

1. Ahmed Sekou Touré , Responsable Suprême de la Révolution, Commandant en chef des Forces Armées Populaires et Révolutionnaires 2. El-Hadj Saifoulaye Diallo , membre du Bureau Politique National 3. Lansana Béavogui , membre du Bureau Politique National 4. N'Famara Keita , membre du Bureau Politique National 5. Ismaël Touré , membre du Bureau Politique National 6. Mamadi Keita , membre du Bureau Politique National (en permanence à Labé) 7. Sékou Chérif , minitre-délégué pour la Guinée-Maritime 8. Saïdou Kéita , ambassadeur de la RG à Bonn 9. Fily Cissoko , chef du Protocole de la Présidence 10. Ibrahima Camara , secrétaire général par interim du Comité National des Jeunes

Arrest orders, arrests, and execution list

narrative of relase and recapture of prisoners Narrative of crackdown

1973 anniversary protests

[http://www.westafrik.com/bibliotheque/portos/verite_ministre/tdm.html Alpha Abdoulaye Diallo Portos La vrit du ministre. Dix ans dans les geles de Skou Tour Paris. Calman-Lvy. 1985. ] Part I L'agression portugaise du 22 novembre 1970 et ses consquences

"e. Le 22 novembre 1970, lors de lagression portugaise, il fait partie de ceux qui vont aller entourer le Prsident Skou Tour et organiser la scurit du Chef de lEtat et de sa famille. Contre toute attente, il est arrt une anne plus tard pour avoir participer au complot de la cinquime colonne . Il va purger dix ans de prison au Camp Boiro."

Un ancien ministre décrit l'enfer vécu dans les geôles de Sékou Touré, APA, UFDG Union des Forces Démocratiques de Guinée

http://www.radioafrica.com.au/Discographies/Guinean.html Ahmed Sékou Touré 1970 Poèmes militants. Syliphone. SLP 13. 33.3 rpm disc. 1971 Appels au peuple. 22 Novembre 1970. Syliphone. SLP 26. 33.3 rpm disc.

http://bissauccac13.com.sapo.pt/BissauConackry.html

2008 Memorial News Report

Pêcheurs autochtones et pêcheurs migrants;approche diachronique de l’activité de pêche sur les côtes méridionales des Rivières du Sud S. BOUJU., Socio-Anthropologue,CETMA,Paris: p104. "Le 22 novembre 1970 eut lieu le débarquement guinéo-portugaiss auquel les pêcheursghandens sont accusês d'avoir participê. Menacds d'expulsion, ils préfêrèrent quitter en masse le pays et à la fin de l'année 1970, il ne restait pratiquement aucun pCckeur ghanéen en Guinée. "

L’art oratoire Chez Sékou Touré

De la conquête de l’espace publique à l’exercice du pouvoir politique

par Alpha BARRY stagiaire post-doctoral au GRADIP, Chaire du Canada en Mondialisation, Citoyenneté et Démocratie https://depot.erudit.org/retrieve/763/000156pp.doc

La vie politique guinéenne était constamment animée par des fêtes qui servaient à réchauffer l’atmosphère publique. Ces fêtes nationales annuelles sont les suivantes : 9 février, fête des femmes à l’honneur de Mbalia CAMARA, militante du parti qui a été assassinée au cours des luttes politiques ; 1er mars, anniversaire de la création de la monnaie guinéenne ; 26 mars, anniversaire de la création du mouvement de la jeunesse, JRDA ; 14 mai, anniversaire de la création du PDG, Parti Démocratique de Guinée ; 2 août, anniversaire du déclenchement de la révolution culturelle socialiste, fête de l’école guinéenne ; 28 septembre, anniversaire du référendum du NON à de GAULLE ; 2 octobre, fête de l’indépendance ; 22 novembre, fête de l’armée guinéenne, anniversaire de l’échec du débarquement des mercenaires. Les événements politiques Survenant dans la vie de la nation, les événements politiques, peuvent imposer au président la proclamation d’un discours. Tel est les cas du premier et deuxième appel à la nation, le 22 novembre 1970, appels consécutifs au débarquement des mercenaires dans la capitale guinéenne, et de la révolte des femmes survenue le 27 août 1977.

[http://tekrur-ucad.refer.sn/IMG/pdf/08KANEGUINEESENEGALVOISIN.pdf Le Sénégal et la Guinée (1958-1978) Moustapha Kane]

[edit] 2008-03-19

User:T L Miles/stuff/Op Mer Verde

[edit] 2008-03-26

http://www.google.com/search?q=Liberian+Refugee+%22Staten+Island%22&num=100&hl=en&safe=active&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&start=100&sa=N&safe=on http://www.mnadvocates.org/ http://www.ictj.org/en/news/features/1015.html http://library.stanford.edu/africa/african-diaspora/african-diaspora-united-states.html http://library.stanford.edu/africa/liberia.html http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/features/012408-1.html http://onliberia.org/history.htm http://www.ulaaliberia.net/overview.htm http://www.africanevents.com/store.htm http://media.www.themhnews.com/media/storage/paper999/news/2008/03/06/News/Liberian.Civil.War.Inspires.Students.At.Five.Colleges.To.Volunteer.To.Raise.Awar-3259846.shtml http://www.silive.com/news/advance/index.ssf?/base/news/1201185020108020.xml&coll=1 http://www.silive.com/news/index.ssf/2007/11/searching_for_ways_to_end_blac.html http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/i/immigration_and_refugees/index.html?query=STATEN%20ISLAND%20(NYC)&field=geo&match=exact http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/12/14/america/14liberians.php http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0606/20/ltm.08.html http://rsq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/citation/21/1_and_2/352 http://rsq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/citation/12/2/29 http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN17348788 http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/Liberia_TRC_Receives_Unprecedented_Support_in_Buduburam_Refugee_Camp_as_Refugees_Turn_Out_in_Dozens_to_Give_Statements.html http://wimam.net/archive.html http://upge.wn.com/?template=cheetah-photo-search/index.txt&query=order&language_id=-1 http://www.liberiaseabreeze.com/gb-liberty-script.html http://www.citylimits.org/content/articles/articleView.cfm?articlenumber=818 http://www.rclalitpur.org.np/theygaveus_article.htm http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:kWHvnQTVoHAJ:www.microenterpriseworks.org/index.asp%3Fdownloadid%3D471+Liberian+Refugee+%22Staten+Island%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=75&gl=us&client=firefox-a http://www.africamigration.com/archive_01/m_okome_globalization_02.htm http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/0/c07904df7b986c21862573ff001a70a6?OpenDocument&Click= http://trinitylutheransiny.org/history.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(Liberia) http://books.google.com/books?id=ARzzLcbZjpIC&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=liberian+refugee+%22staten+island%22&source=web&ots=cPk-nNuRrz&sig=1zXCfZe6IfF4eE6UZ2Va3F3S9hA&hl=en http://www.wagner.edu/news/node/877 http://www.statenislandarts.org/grnts/grants2002.html http://thanks.unrefugees.com/view.asp http://www.nypl.org/branch/staten/index2.cfm?Trg=1&d1=962&template=NUCMCsiias http://www.jasonjprice.com/history.html http://www.nyc.gov/html/cchr/html/staten_island.html http://www2.nursingspectrum.com/articles/article.cfm?aid=9427

http://www.aboutliberiatoday.com/ http://www.allaboutliberia.com/ http://172.22.210.69/cgi-bin/overmain?args=d29ya3N0YXRpb249MTcyLjIyLjY1LjE1MyZ1cmw9YUhSMGNEb3ZMM2QzZHk1amIzQnNZUzV2Y21jdmFXNWtaWGd1YUhSdGJBPT0mcHJvZmlsZT1CbG9ja09mZmVuc2l2ZSZ1c2VyPVNWQ01DXHRtaWxlcyZvbD0wJnJhPTEmcmF0aW5ncz1jaHQscG9s http://www.ifrc.org/where/country/cn5.asp?countryid=103 http://www.liberiaconsulate.com/ http://pages.prodigy.net/jkess3/Overseas.htm http://www.liberianlegal.com/immigrationadvocacy.htm http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/liberia/educators/history/lesson1.html http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc104?OpenForm&rc=1&cc=lbr http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/liberia/search.asp http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/doc106?openform&rc=1&cc=lbr&se=9

[edit] Map work attempt

User:T L Miles/stuff/locationmapwork

[edit] Women of CI citations 2008-04-02

Barbara Böni Easing the work of making palm oil: Women solve a pressing problem, Leisa Magazine, Vol 9 no 3, October 1993, p 22-23

Chantal Vlei-Yoruba : "Droit de la famille et réalités familiales : le cas de la Côte d'Ivoire depuis l'indépendance" (pp.172-179, in CLIO: Histoire, Femmes et Sociétés. Special issue "Femmes d'Afrique". no 6, 1997

Appleton, Simon; And Others Gender, Education, and Employment in Cote d'Ivoire. Social Dimensions of Adjustment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Working Paper No. 8. Policy Analysis. World Bank (1990) ISBN-0-8213-1575-7

Montgomery, B. (1977). The Economic Role of the Ivoirian Woman, Center of Research on Economic Development, The University of Michigan [xerox], An Arbor Weekes-Vagliani, W. (1992). «Structural Adjustment and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire.» Women and Adjustment in the Third World, H. Afshar, & Dennis, Carolyn, ed., St Martin's Press, New York, 117-149.

Aysit Tansel . Schooling Attainment, Parental Education, and Gender in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 45:825–856, July 1997

Virginia Thompson, Richard Adloff. French West Africa. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. (1958) pp.527-8, 580-82

Schuerkens, U. (1996). Women in the Ivory Coast : the Intertwining of Memory and Gender, Oxford University Press, Lond

Jeanne Maddox Toungara. "The Changing Status of Women in Côte d'Ivoire." (Paper presented at African Studies Association Annual Meeting.) Denver, Colorado: November 20, 1987.

Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, Les Africaines, histoire des femmes d’Afrique noire du XIXe au XXe siècle, Editions Desjonquères, 1994,

Bernard Doza. LE CONTINENT NOIR EN PLEINE ÉBULLITION: Naissance d’un nationalisme ivoirien. Le Monde Diplomatique, April, 2003.

Focus on Women in Côte d’Ivoire . United Nations Development Programme, Crisis Prevention and Recovery. (nd), retreived 2008-04-02.

Women's Organisations Côte d'Ivoire: list of contact details. (nd), retreived 2008-04-02.

site:links.jstor.org "Women in Côte d'Ivoire"

http://abidjan.usembassy.gov/women_in_cote_divoire.html http://www.childinfo.org/areas/fgmc/profiles/CotedIvoire/CotedIvoire%20FGC%20profile%20English.pdf COTE D’IVOIRE FGM/C COUNTRY PROFILE (source: UNICEF, Cote D’Ivoire DHS, 1994, 1998/99

http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/macarthur/inequality/papers/UdryIntrahouseholdResourceAll.pdf. Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Cote d’Ivoire: Social Norms, Separate Accounts and Consumption Choices ∗ Esther Duflo, † and Christopher Udry ‡ December 21, 2004

http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED327430&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED327430

http://books.google.com/books?id=YRDR64nS73gC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=%22women+in+c%C3%B4te+d+ivoire%22&source=web&ots=pSqW9w079X&sig=RLkahn2bbcueOPgpX2z0HGSJGnA&hl=en

http://www.uic.edu/classes/gws/gws102/fc_special_report.pdf

http://blog.oup.com/2007/03/womens_history_/

http://www.fondationblachere.org/fr/action_detail.donut?id=21

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-16106979.html Inventing the African family: gender and family law reform in Cote D'Ivoire. (Ivory Coast) From: Journal of Social History | Date: 9/22/1994 | Author: Toungara, Jeanne Maddox

http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/ivory-coast/SOCIETY.html

http://www.ined.fr/coll_abidjan/publis/pdf/session3/barthel.pdf Colloque international Genre, population et développement en Afrique International Colloquium Gender, Population and Development in Africa U EPA/ U APS, I NED, E NSEA, I FORD Abidjan, 16-21 juillet 2001 Session III • I négalités de Droit, Inégalités de citoyenneté. Inégalités d’accès à la citoyenneté : Le rôle des anciennes élèves des écoles supérieures d’AOF dans l’émergence des femmes africaines en politique Pascale BARTHELEMY

http://www.ined.fr/coll_abidjan/publis/pdf/session2/coquery.pdf Colloque international Genre, population et développement en Afrique International Colloquium Gender, Population and Development in Africa U EPA/ U APS, I NED, E NSEA, I FORD Abidjan, 16-21 juillet 2001 Session 2 • Nouvelles approches méthodologiques Des femmes colonisées aux femmes de l'indépendance, ou du misérabilisme au développement par les femmes : approche historique Catherine COQUERY- VIDROVITCH

http://www.who.int/GlobalAtlas/predefinedReports/EFS2006/EFS_PDFs/EFS2006_CI.pdf

http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/452309?journalCode=edcc

http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/url/ITEM/408AFB25FB477BDDE040C00A0C3D670C

REPUBLIC OF COTE D’IVOIRE POST-CRISIS MULTISECTOR INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT APPRAISAL REPORT

La Révolte des Femmes: Economic Upheaval and the Gender of Political Authority in Lomé, Togo, 1931-33 African Studies Review, Apr 2003 by Lawrance, Benjamin N

http://www.onderzoekinformatie.nl/nl/oi/biza/d43000o/OND1314546/ Project: Efficacy of microfinancing women's agricultural activities with emphasis on the HIV/AIDS context in Côte d'Ivoire

http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=70727

http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=70003

http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75302

[edit] Global food prices spikes, 2008-04-04

[http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/psdgetreport.aspx?hidReportRetrievalName=BVS&hidReportRetrievalID=686&hidReportRetrievalTemplateID=8 Regional Wheat Imports, Production, Consumption, and Stocks (Thousand Metric Tons) United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service 3/11/2008

Globally, Wheat Imports and stocks have decreased, Domestic Consumption has stagnated, but production has decreased from 2006 to 2008

Food Prices Soaring Worldwide, KATHERINE CORCORAN, Associated Press – Mar 24, 2008

higher oil prices, lower food reserves and growing consumer demand in China and India However, consumers still face at least 10 years of more expensive food, according to preliminary FAO projections.

Among the driving forces are petroleum prices, which increase the cost of everything from fertilizers to transport to food processing. Rising demand for meat and dairy in rapidly developing countries such as China and India is sending up the cost of grain, used for cattle feed, as is the demand for raw materials to make biofuels.

What's rare is that the spikes are hitting all major foods in most countries at once. Food prices rose 4 percent in the U.S. last year, the highest rise since 1990, and are expected to climb as much again this year, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

As of December, 37 countries faced food crises, and 20 had imposed some sort of food-price controls.

For many, it's a disaster. The U.N.'s World Food Program says it's facing a $500 million shortfall in funding this year to feed 89 million needy people. On Monday, it appealed to donor countries to step up contributions, saying its efforts otherwise have to be scaled back.

In Egypt, where bread is up 35 percent and cooking oil 26 percent, the government recently proposed ending food subsidies and replacing them with cash payouts to the needy. But the plan was put on hold after it sparked public uproar.

"A revolution of the hungry is in the offing," said Mohammed el-Askalani of Citizens Against the High Cost of Living, a protest group established to lobby against ending the subsidies.

In China, the price hikes are both a burden and a boon.

Per capita meat consumption has increased 150 percent since 1980, so Zhou Jian decided six months ago to switch from selling auto parts to pork. The price of pork has jumped 58 percent in the past year, yet every morning housewives and domestics still crowd his Shanghai shop, and more customers order choice cuts.

The 26-year-old now earns $4,200 a month, two to three times what he made selling car parts. And it's not just pork. Beef is becoming a weekly indulgence.

"The Chinese middle class is starting to change the traditional thought process of beef as a luxury," said Kevin Timberlake, who manages the U.S.-based Western Cattle Company feedlot in China's Inner Mongolia.

At the same time, increased cost of food staples in China threatens to wreak havoc. Beijing has been selling grain from its reserves to hold down prices, said Jing Ulrich, chairwoman of China equities for JP Morgan.

"But this is not really solving the root cause of the problem," Ulrich said. "The cause of the problem is a supply-demand imbalance. Demand is very strong. Supply is constrained. It is as simple as that."

Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao says fighting inflation from shortages of key foods is a top economic priority. Inflation reached 7.1 percent in January, the highest in 11 years, led by an 18.2 percent jump in food prices.

Meanwhile, record oil prices have boosted the cost of fertilizer and freight for bulk commodities — up 80 percent in 2007 over 2006. The oil spike has also turned up the pressure for countries to switch to biofuels, which the FAO says will drive up the cost of corn, sugar and soybeans "for many more years to come."

In Japan, the ethanol boom is hitting the country in mayonnaise and miso, two important culinary ingredients, as biofuels production pushes up the price of cooking oil and soybeans.

A two-pound bottle of mayonnaise his risen about 10 percent in two months to as much as 330 yen (nearly $3), said Daishi Inoue, a cook at a Chinese restaurant.

"It's not hurting us much now," he said. "But if prices keep going up, we have no choice but to raise our prices."

Miso Bank, a restaurant in Tokyo's glitzy Ginza district, specializes in food cooked with miso, or soybean paste.

"We expect prices to go up in April all at once," said Miso Bank manager Koichi Oritani. "The hikes would affect our menu. So we plan to order miso in bulk and make changes to the menu."

Italians are feeling the pinch in pasta, with consumer groups staging a one-day strike in September against a food deeply intertwined with national identity. Italians eat an estimated 60 pounds of pasta per capita a year.

The protest was symbolic because Italians typically stock up on pasta, buying multiple packages at a time. But in the next two months pasta consumption dropped 5 percent, said farm lobbyist Rolando Manfredini.

"The situation has gotten even worse," he said.

In decades past, farm subsidies and support programs allowed major grain exporting countries to hold large surpluses, which could be tapped during food shortages to keep prices down. But new trade policies have made agricultural production much more responsive to market demands — putting global food reserves at their lowest in a quarter century.

Without reserves, bad weather and poor harvests have a bigger impact on prices.

"The market is extremely nervous. With the slightest news about bad weather, the market reacts," said economist Abbassian.

That means that a drought in Australia and flooding in Argentina, two of the world's largest suppliers of industrial milk and butter, sent the price of butter in France soaring 37 percent from 2006 to 2007.

Forty percent of escargot, the snail dish, is butter.

"You can do the calculation yourself," said Romain Chapron, president of Croque Bourgogne, which supplies escargot. "It had a considerable effect. It forced people in our profession to tighten their belts to the maximum."

The same climate crises sparked a 21 percent rise in the cost of milk, which with butter makes another famous French food item — the croissant. Panavi, a pastry and bread supplier, has raised retail prices of croissants and pain au chocolat by 6 to 15 percent.

Already, there's a lot of suspicion among consumers.

"They don't understand why prices have gone up like this," said Nicole Watelet, general secretary at the Federation of French Bakeries and Pastry Enterprises. "They think that someone is profiting from this. But it's not us. We're paying." Food costs worldwide spiked 23 percent from 2006 to 2007, according to the FAO. Grains went up 42 percent, oils 50 percent and dairy 80 percent.

Economists say that for the short term, government bailouts will have to be part of the answer to keep unrest at a minimum. In recent weeks, rising food prices sparked riots in the West African nations of Burkina Faso, where mobs torched buildings, and Cameroon, where at least four people died.

But attempts to control prices in one country often have dire effects elsewhere. China's restrictions on wheat flour exports resulted in a price spike in Indonesia this year, according to the FAO. Ukraine and Russia imposed export restrictions on wheat, causing tight supplies and higher prices for importing countries. Partly because of the cost of imported wheat, Peru's military has begun eating bread made from potato flour, a native crop.

"We need a response on a large scale, either the regional or international level," said Brian Halweil of the environmental research organization Worldwatch Institute. "All countries are tied enough to the world food markets that this is a global crisis."

Poorer countries can speed up the adjustment by investing in agriculture, experts say. If they do, farmers can turn high prices into an engine for growth.

But in countries like Burkina Faso, the crisis is immediate.

Days after the riots, Pascaline Ouedraogo wandered the market in the capital, Ouagadougou, looking to buy meat and vegetables. She said a good meal cost 1,000 francs (about $2.35) not long ago. Now she needs twice that.

"The more prices go up, the less there is to meet their needs," she said of her three children, all in secondary school. "You wonder if it's the government or the businesses that are behind the price hikes."

Irene Belem, a 25-year-old with twins, struggles to buy milk, which has gone up 57 percent in recent weeks.

"We knew we were poor before," she said, "but now it's worse than poverty." ----------------------------------

Americans Warned of Higher Food Prices as Corn Goes to Ethanol: Meat producers are facing sharply higher feed costs. But farmers are expected to plant more corn. Voice of America News, Transcript of radio broadcast: 19 March 2007

Corn has been selling at more than three dollars a bushel. Last year, the average was two dollars.

Corn harvest in Columbia, Missouri Corn harvest in Columbia, Missouri The government says ethanol is using twenty percent of the American corn crop from last year. With this year's harvests, the amount is expected to reach twenty-five percent.

[http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-04-01-voa47.cfm Global Food Price Rises Worry African Ministers By Peter Heinlein Addis Ababa 01 April 2008

Heinlein report - Download (MP3) audio clip Heinlein report - Listen (MP3) audio clip

A conference of African finance and development ministers in Addis Ababa is examining ways of alleviating the impact of a worldwide rise in food and commodity prices. VOA's Peter Heinlein reports the head of the U.N. World Food Program is attending, and is looking at an innovative project aimed at easing the burden on Ethiopia's urban poor.

[http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-26-voa49.cfm Food Prices Spike Worldwide By Michael Bowman Washington 26 March 2008

Recent weeks have seen Philippine authorities scramble to augment rice stocks in the country, Indonesian officials warn of possible social unrest due to skyrocketing prices for basic foodstuffs, irate Egyptians protesting bread shortages, and international food aid programs unable to buy enough goods to meet their food distribution targets for vulnerable populations.

These cases should not be viewed as isolated anomalies, but rather as indicators of a global phenomenon, according to Lester Brown of the Washington-based Earth Policy Institute.

"In seven of the last eight years, world grain production has fallen short of consumption," he said. "We have been pulling down world grain stocks until now they are at the lowest level in 34 years."

In addition, grains like corn once grown exclusively to feed humans and livestock are now being diverted into programs to generate ethanol and other so-called "biofuels" as an alternative to oil and gasoline. With oil prices rising steeply in recent years, the economic incentive to produce grain-based fuels has risen as well.

consumers in countries like China and India that are experiencing rapid economic growth are changing their diets as incomes rise: demanding more high-protein food that require large amounts of grain to produce. In other words, not only are there more mouths to feed, but satisfying each mouth is placing ever-higher demands on world food stocks.

[http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-19-indonesiafoodprices.cfm Rising Food Prices in Indonesia Raise Security Concerns By Nancy-Amelia Collins Jarkata 19 March 2008

Collins report - Download (MP3) audio clip Collins report - Listen (MP3) audio clip

The soaring cost of rice and other basic food in Asia has raised security concerns across many Asian countries. In Indonesia, the high cost of staple foods is hurting the poor and raising fears of social unrest. VOA's Nancy-Amelia Collins has more in a background report from Jakarta. According to government statistics, in the past year cooking oil has risen nearly 40 percent, rice is up 25 percent and tofu, a staple of the Indonesian diet, has gone up by 50 percent. In January, the government was forced to cut import taxes for soybeans after thousands of people took to the streets in protest over rising costs. Last week, hundreds held demonstrations in Jakarta to demand the government bring down food prices.

China Announces Controls on Food Prices to Battle Inflation By Claudia Blume Hong Kong 20 January 2008

China has introduced price controls to slow a rapid rise in politically sensitive food prices. Claudia Blume at VOA's Asia News Center in Hong Kong reports on Beijing's latest attempt to battle the country's surging inflation.

China's rulers are worried about rising inflation, which reached an 11-year high of six-point-nine percent in November. The rise was mainly limited to food prices, and was blamed on shortages of grain and pork.

[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-08/2007-08-28-voa11.cfm?CFID=291903960&CFTOKEN=73799784 Beijing, Fearing Unrest, Moves to Curb Sharp Rise in Food Prices By Claudia Blume Hong Kong 28 August 2007 The main reason for the increase: supply shortages, caused by severe flooding in parts of China and a disease that killed millions of pigs over the past year. Pork is one of China's top sources of protein.

[http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-24-voa49.cfm Egyptian Bread Crisis Stirs Anger By Challiss McDonough Cairo 24 March 2008

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In Egypt, a shortage of subsidized bread has resulted in long lines and occasional clashes in which several people have been killed. The president has ordered the army to use its bakeries to try to end the bread crisis, but the roots of the problem are more than just simple supply and demand. Rising food prices and poverty have combined with corruption to create a bread problem that will not be easily solved. VOA Correspondent Challiss McDonough has more from Cairo.

Egypt's government has taken other measures to try to rein in rising food prices, including stopping the export of locally grown rice. And other governments in the region are facing similar troubles - over the past few months, food prices have sparked demonstrations and riots in countries such as Morocco, Yemen and even wealthy Saudi Arabia.

[http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-31-voa17.cfm India Limits Rice Exports to Boost Local Stocks By Anjana Pasricha New Delhi 31 March 2008

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India has taken steps to drastically limit rice exports in a bid to cool prices and ensure sufficient food stocks for its more than one billion people. As Anjana Pasricha reports, India is battling inflation and a spike in food prices. The price of rice, a staple in many Asian diets, has nearly doubled in international markets during the past three months. That has prompted pledges from the government that it will do all it can to stem the rise. The government has already banned the export of cooking oil, and cut some food import taxes to contain prices.

Corn-Derived Ethanol Shares Blame for Food Price Hikes By Greg Flakus Houston 16 October 2007

Flakus report (mp3) - Download 1.086 MB audio clip Listen to Flakus report (mp3) audio clip

In recent months food costs in the United States have gone up by well over six percent and some economists see government-mandated use of bio-fuels as a key reason. But, as VOA's Greg Flakus reports from Houston, both agriculture representatives and energy experts say development of such fuels will be necessary to feed an energy-starved world economy.

Rising consumer food prices have also had an impact on Congress, source of the subsidies which support the ethanol industry and the bills that require the use of more than 26 million liters of renewable fuels for transportation by 2012. P

[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-10/2007-10-15-voa26.cfm?CFID=281155143&CFTOKEN=92662975 Scientists: Climate Change Could Affect World Food Supply By Jeff Swicord Maryland, south of Washington, DC 15 October 2007

Watch Climate Change and Food report / Windows Broadband - download video clip Watch Climate Change and Food report / Windows Broadband video clip Watch Climate Change and Food report / Windows Dialup - download video clip Watch Climate Change and Food report / Windows Dialup video clip

Scientists are predicting there could be a global food crisis in this century if climate change continues unabated. A study released by the Center for Global Development shows that climate change could cause global food production to decline from 5 to 20 percent by the year 2080, and even higher in some countries.

"Something like 30 to 40 percent in India for example, and something like 20 percent or more in Africa and Latin America," said study author William Cline.

[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-12/2007-12-04-voa51.cfm?CFID=221771646&CFTOKEN=84331049 US Research Group: World Food Prices Likely to Rise By VOA News 04 December 2007

A U.S.-based research group says climate change and rising energy costs will likely cause world food prices to rise, threatening the health and livelihoods of the world's poor.

In a report released Tuesday at a conference in Beijing, the International Food Policy Research Institute says environmental and other changes, including urbanization and development, will contribute to higher prices and greater demand for food.

The report says global agricultural production is projected to fall 16 percent by 2020 due to global warming, with output dropping by 20 percent in developing nations. It also notes the increase in bio-fuels will likely cut into food supplies.The report says Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change because its agricultural system depends heavily on rainfall. It says the number of malnourished people in sub-Saharan Africa may triple between 1990 and 2080, partly because of indirect effects from climate change.

[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-01/2008-01-11-voa10.cfm?CFID=218222426&CFTOKEN=65455250 Low Supplies, High Prices Cause Concern Among Asian Wheat Importers By Naomi Martig Hong Kong 11 January 2008

Low global wheat supplies and skyrocketing prices on several agricultural commodities are causing concern in countries that rely on grain imports for many of their staple dishes. Several large wheat-producing countries, such as China and Russia, are reducing exports. As Naomi Martig reports from VOA's Asia News Center in Hong Kong, the restrictions are affecting countries that import grain to feed their people.

This month, China began a temporary quota policy on exports of wheat, corn and rice flour. The ministry of finance has also announced export taxes, as high as 25 percent, on various staples, including wheat, corn, rice and soybeans. In Russia, officials have ordered a 40 percent export tax on types of grain. Abdolreza Abbassian is the Secretary for the Intergovernmental Group for Grains at the Food and Agricultural Organization in Rome. He says the most recent harvests in China and Russia were good, but both are concerned about protecting their own markets.

"They realize their grains could end up in the world market that has such a high demand because of shortages coming from other exporters, so these countries, supplies could end up in the world market, leave the country, and therefore eventually also result in higher prices in their own countries, despite their own good production," he said.

While the goal of such taxes and quotas is to stabilize domestic food prices, Abbassian says the restrictions are putting pressure on countries that rely on such imports, such as Malaysia and Indonesia.

"The countries which are importing from these exporters are, of course, the first casualties because they have to source their needs from elsewhere, and that elsewhere means a more expensive wheat for sure," he said. "Chinese were producing wheat that was very, very competitive. Their wheat flour prices in the region in southeast Asia something like 30 to 50 percent below prices of the same commodities coming in, let's say, from Australia or from the U.S."

Analysts say reduced exports from China are likely to raise prices of staples like flour and bread in Southeast Asia, which is already facing reduced shipments from drought-hit Australia, another major wheat exporter. In India, officials have scrapped import duties on wheat flour to try to keep a lid on prices, and government leaders in several countries are concentrating on controlling inflation of food prices, for fear of unrest in low-income communities.

[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-09/2007-09-29-voa22.cfm?CFID=242592747&CFTOKEN=47755293 New York Times: Rising Food Prices Lead to Less US Food Aid By VOA News 29 September 2007

A U.S. newspaper says rising food prices have helped cut U.S. food aid to its lowest level in a decade, and have possibly resulted in more hungry people around the world.

The New York Times cites data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture showing the United States has bought less than half the food aid this year than it bought in 2000.

UN: More than 850 Million Still Hungry By Leta Hong Fincher Washington 12 October 2007

Watch Food Shortage report / Windows Broadband - download video clip Watch Food Shortage report / Windows Broadband video clip Watch Food Shortage report / Windows Dialup - download video clip Watch Food Shortage report / Windows Dialup video clip

The United Nations says that more than 850 million people in the world do not have enough to eat. Poverty, disease and conflict have always threatened food security. But other causes of hunger have emerged: rapid urbanization, the biofuels boom, a sudden spike in food prices, and crop damage from global warming. VOA's Leta Hong Fincher takes a closer look.

Such "forgotten communities" also are home to more and more hungry people. Agriculture experts say that urban residents are suffering from food shortages, as tens of millions of people migrate from the countryside to the world's cities each year. Unlike traditional farmers, city dwellers live far from where their food is grown, and have little control over their resources.

Without livestock of their own, Nierenberg says, poor, urban residents spend between 50 and 80 percent of their income on food. This makes them especially vulnerable when food prices increase, as they have in recent months.

Historically, food prices have fluctuated. But some trade experts say the cost of many foods could stay high permanently, because of rising demand from population growth, slower growth in agricultural productivity and shrinking natural resources.

Charlotte Hebebrand Charlotte Hebebrand Charlotte Hebebrand is head of the International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council in Washington. She says governments must ask themselves a key question. "How do we get the most out of our agricultural production in a sustainable fashion, but also in a fashion that really allows us to draw on technological resources to increase yields, so that we can feed more people, using basically the same amount of land that we have available and possibly decreasing water supplies."

Hebebrand says that world food demand could double by 2050. But new research shows that world food production will face a serious decline in coming decades because of global warming.

William Cline is a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development and the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington. He says developing countries will be hit hardest by crop damage because of their closeness to the equator. "Global agricultural potential could fall by about five to 15 or 20 percent as a result of global warming if nothing is done by the 2080s. But secondly, that would mask a much deeper loss, something like 30 to 40 percent in India, for example, and something like 20 percent or more in Africa and Latin America."

Food is unaffordable for the poor Food is becoming increasingly unaffordable for the poor

Concern about global warming has led governments to invest in biofuels derived from plants as an alternative to oil. But some environmentalists warn that the boom in biofuels such as ethanol is driving up the price of grain, making food even more unaffordable for the poor.

Lester Brown is head of the Earth Policy Institute in Washington. "What we're now seeing is an entirely new historical phenomenon, something that we've never experienced before," he says. "And that is direct competition between the 860 million people in the world who own automobiles and the two billion poorest people in the world, who are simply trying to get enough food to survive."

In the future, environmentalists say biofuels can be produced from non-food products such as leaves and wood. Another way to increase food security is to support urban farming so that the world's city dwellers can feed themselves more efficiently. Agriculture experts agree that much more investment will be needed to produce more food from fewer resources.

The use of food crops for biofuels, coupled with greater food demand, has reversed the path of declining price trends for several commodities.

For highly import-dependent or highly food-insecure countries, any decline in import capacity stemming from rising food prices can have challenging food security implications.

Food aid, a key safety net source, has stagnated during the last two decades, and its share has declined relative to total food imports of low-income countries.

The cost of eating. Rising food prices are now affecting communities that had previously been protected from the scourge of hunger. Josette Sheeran, The Guardiun, February 26, 2008.

Hungry for oil. Dwindling oil stocks could cause the UK to be vulnerable to food shortages for the first time since the second world war. Caroline Lucas, The Guardiun, January 29, 2007 9:30 AM

Commodity Forecasts, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates Historical Revisions, USDA, Office of the Chief Economist. July 12, 2006

WFP and global food price rises - key points, United Nations World Food Program, 26 February, 2008.

International Agricultural Baseline Data / Supply and Use Tables, 2007-2016, USDA Economic Research Service.

Corn Prices Near Record High, But What About Food Costs?

Higher corn prices increase animal feed and ingredient costs for farmers and food manufacturers, but will consumers undergo the same sticker shock at the grocery store?

Ephraim Leibtag, AmberWaves , USDA. February 2008

Higher corn prices increase animal feed and ingredient costs for farmers and food manufacturers, but pass through to retail prices at a rate less than 10 percent of the corn price change.

Given that foods using corn as an ingredient make up less than a third of retail food spending, overall retail food prices would rise less than 1 percentage point per year above the normal rate of food price inflation when corn prices increase by 50 percent.

Even this increase may be partially tempered by changes to corn use in food production.

04 April 2008 Ethanol Demand Drives 15 Percent Increase in Corn Plantings, EERE Network News, U.S. Department of Energy, April 04, 2007

The increased corn plantings will mostly cut into the acreage planted for other crops, including soybeans, cotton, and rice. U.S. farmers plan to plant 67.1 million acres of soybeans, down by 8.3 million acres in 2006. But fears that farmers would move en masse to put idled lands into production for corn have so far proved unfounded. In early March, the USDA noted that corn demand had a minimal effect on enrollments in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), which sets aside farm land for environmental reasons. Out of 27.8 million acres of land in the CRP, 4.6 million acres of land will exit the program over the next three years. Only 1.4 million of those acres are located in major corn-producing states. See the USDA press release.

Like it or not, agriculture is now a highly interconnected and global enterprise, with changes in one crop affecting many others. Last year, for instance, the increased production of biodiesel from rapeseed in the European Union pushed rapeseed oil prices up 17 percent and drove up global prices for other vegetable and seed oils, according to the USDA's "Oil Crops Yearbook." For ethanol production, the outlook is for higher feed grain prices, but it remains unknown how the emphasis on corn production will affect other feed grains, the domestic and global livestock industry, and consumer food prices. The shift in prices, demand, and production may also lead to changes in government policies. On March 30th, the USDA's Economic Research Service (ERS) published a 58-page report, "Feed Grains Backgrounder," that examines these interrelationships. Although it provides no definitive answers, the report notes general trends and issues related to increased ethanol production. See the "Oil Crops Yearbook" and the "Feed Grains Backgrounder" (PDF 1.9 MB).

Rice Yearbook (89001), USDA, Economic Research Service, 2007.

The Future of Biofuels: A Global Perspective

Biofuels will likely be part of a portfolio of solutions to high energy prices, including conservation, more efficient energy use, and use of other alternative fuels.

William Coyle AmberWaves United States Department of Agriculture | Economic Research Service November 2007

Global biofuel production tripled between 2000 and 2007, but still accounts for less than 3 percent of the global transportation fuel supply.

Increased biofuel demand has contributed to higher world food and feed prices.

Biofuels will likely be part of a portfolio of solutions to high energy prices, including conservation, more efficient energy use, and use of other alternative fuels.

What Goes Down Must Come Up: Global Food Prices Reach New Heights, International Food Policy Research Institute, March 2008.

Agricultural Baseline Projections: Baseline Presentation, 2008-2017, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2008.

For most of the projections period, consumer food prices increase less than the general inflation rate. However, adjustments in retail prices due to higher energy and agricultural commodity prices lead to food price increases somewhat larger than general inflation in 2008 and 2009. Relatively large price increases are expected in 2008 for fats and oils and for cereals and bakery products, reflecting higher prices for vegetable oils and wheat. Consumer prices for red meats, poultry, and eggs exceed the general inflation rate in 2009 as the livestock sector adjusts to higher feed costs. Consumer expenditures for food away from home continue to grow in importance and account for more than half of overall food spending during most of the projection period.

World consumption of many grain, oilseed, and meat commodities has exceeded world production in the past several years, reducing global stocks. As a result, global stocks-to-use ratios have dropped sharply and prices have risen. Tight market conditions are projected to persist for many commodities over most of the coming decade, keeping agricultural commodity prices high. * Continuing growth in the livestock sectors of developing countries in Asia, Latin America, North Africa, and the Middle East accounts for most of the growth in world coarse grain imports projected during the next decade. The United States is the major corn exporter in the world. However, with increasing use of corn for U.S. ethanol production, U.S. corn exports show very little growth through 2012/13. In response, corn production and exports are assumed to increase for Argentina, Ukraine, Republic of South Africa, and Brazil. China is also assumed to increase corn production, which changes its net corn trade by slowing the decline in its exports and the increase in its imports. Nonetheless, China is projected to become a net importer of corn in the longer run, reflecting declining stocks of grain and increasing demand for feed for its growing livestock sector.

  • Vegetable oil prices rise in response to rapidly increasing demand for food use in low- and middle-income countries. Vegetable oil prices also rise relative to prices for oilseeds and protein meals because of expanding biodiesel production in a number of countries. Brazil’s rapidly increasing soybean area enables it to gain a larger share of world soybean and soybean meal exports, despite increasing domestic feed use. Argentina is the leading exporter of soybean meal and soybean oil, reflecting the country’s large and growing crush capacity, its small domestic market for soybean products, and an export tax structure that favors exports of soybean products and biodiesel rather than soybeans. The former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia increase rapeseed and palm oil production for use as biodiesel feedstocks.
  • The United States, Australia, the EU, Canada, and Argentina have historically been the primary exporters of wheat, although exports from the Black Sea region have grown in the past 10 years. Over the next decade, Russia and Ukraine are projected to have a growing importance in world wheat trade, reflecting low costs of production and continued investments in their agricultural sectors. However, high year-to-year volatility in these countries’ production and trade can be expected due to typical weather-related variation in yields.

[edit] 2008-04-08

Please also see Wikipedia:RM#Requesting potentially controversial moves, Wikipedia:Consensus, and Help:Reverting.

[edit] 2008-04-15

To integrate into 2007-2008 world food price crisis


[edit] 2008-06-02

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