Táltos
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The táltos (also "tátos") is a figure in ancient Hungarian mythology similar to a shaman.
According to legend, a táltos was in direct contact with God during the prenatal period. Once born, the táltos had a special mission in life to cure both body and soul of other members of society. The táltos could be either male or female, and should be born with unusual features, like six fingers or already-grown-in teeth.
During their childhood, they had to be brought up in secret to learn everything to be some kind of shaman.
The táltos was able to go into a deep meditation called "révülés", and in such a state could cure sickness of any kind. The táltos also had a mission to communicate with the entire Hungarian nation in a time of danger, to warn against invading armies or an impending cultural collapse.
The main difference between shaman and táltos:
- The shamans learn to be shamans, while táltos get their power during prenatal period, they "know" everything once born.
- The shamans use external materials to go into mediation, táltos can do "révülés" without anything. In fact táltos look like ordinary people.
- The shamans usually do some kind of acting (dancing, mumbling, etc) when they are in "operation", while táltos are always without any movement or sound.
- The shaman tradition is without horse, while táltos tradition is tied to "táltos horse".
- The táltos has a personalised mission in life from God.
According to general consensus, the táltos were considered as part of pagan religion, and were persecuted in a witch-hunt during the reign of King St. Stephen. There is evidence, though, that the táltos were still existing until the Habsburg era, when this tradition was terminated. Maria Theresa has made a law to report all babies born with teeth or six fingers, and were killed, was a deliberate act against surviving táltos.
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[edit] Their view on the world
The legends of the táltos include the belief that everything has a soul, not only people but animals, flowers, rocks, the wind, the stars, even places. This soul can be reverted to energy. The táltos were able to feel this energy and get in contact with it.
The so-called "révülés" ("rév"=harbor, where you get across) was the state where their soul "got across" to link with this energy, to get answers how to cure sicknesses, how to see into the past, and foretell the future. The "révülés" could be accomplished by praying to God.
The main mission of táltos is always positive, the táltos cannot damage or do harm. All táltos could cure any sickness but this meant that the táltos have taken the sickness to him/herself, but in a different "mode". With this method they could "take out" the sickness and "destroy" it.
Next to curing, they had other missions, mostly foretelling, warning people of something harmful. These missions can almost all the cases be associated with Christianity: either to preserve the religion or to strengthen it.
[edit] The two most famous táltos: Göncöl and Kampó
According to legends, the two most famous táltos were called Göncöl and Kampó.
Kampó had "iced body" ("jégtestű"), he was short and had thick legs, he lived in Temesvár (present-day Timişoara). He ate lunch in Buda at the same table as King Matthias, he was always poorly dressed so the king was asked several times why he is eating in the same table as the king, but King Matthias insisted on this tradition. When the Turkish army attacked the Kingdom of Hungary, he spilled fire from his mouth and he "fought with his iced body against metal Turkish", and he redeemed the "moonly" ("holdas") horse of King Matthias from the Turkish.
Göncöl, (also Döncöl, Güncü) on the other hand, had tremendous knowledge. He spoke with animals, and he understood the meanings of the stars, he invented the coach, and he had a coach which was driven by not one horse, and had its perch broken and bended. His death was not seen, but thought that he disappeared into the stars. All Hungarians see the "coach of Göncöl" at the sky which is commonly known in astronomy as "Ursa Maior" (Great Bear), where the tail of the bear is the perch of the coach.
[edit] Origin of the word "Táltos"
The name "Táltos" is of unknown origin, but most probably correlating to "tát", which is to "open wide"; i.e. they "opened themselves to the world." Other theories state it comes from Finno-Ugrian taitaa meaning "to know, understand", or from the derivative of Turkish talt meaning "unconsciousness".
[edit] References in History of Hungary
In Chronicle of the Hungarians by Johannes de Thurocz, Attila of the Huns asked several táltos to foresee the outcome of Battle of Chalons, where they predicted that the war will be lost. They were making prediction on future based on the intestines of several animals, but how the actual prediction is done is not known.
[edit] The Táltos Horse
The táltos always had a horse, frequently appearing in Hungarian folk tales, which is known as a white stallion with wings. However, the Táltos Horse were always jade, skin horses, which were mocked by everybody. It is said in myths, that only the Táltos could see the real powers hidden in the horse. When they met, only the Táltos could ride the horse, and it was always "flying like the thought", yet in Hungarian mythology, it rarely had wings and never a unicorn.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Ortovay, Gyula (1978). Ősi magyar hitvilág (in Hungarian). Budapest: Gondolat.
[edit] External links
- A Nagy- és Kis Göncöl és a Sarkcsillag (html and pdf) by Várhegyi Péter, part of MCSE's pages about history of astronomy