Synoptic philosophy

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Synoptic philosophy comes from the Greek words "sun-optikos", (“seeing everything together,”) and together with the word philosophy, means the love of wisdom emerging from a coherent understanding of everything together.^[1]

Synoptic philosophy is simply a synthetic worldview embracing both thesis and antithesis such as analysis and synthesis, action and reaction, explication and implication, phenomenon and noumenon, visible and invisible, just to name a few. As such, it may be compared to the Janus' extrovert and introvert vision, or the view on the iceberg having the one-ninth surfaced tip and the eight-ninths submerged mass.

Phenomenology, attempting to bracket egocentrism, appears to be more synoptic than analytic philosophy, logical atomism and logical positivism. Wilfrid Sellars (1962) used the term 'synoptic'.^[2],^[3] The Anglo-American philosophy made a synoptic, synthetic turn explicitly during the last quarter of the last century, giving birth or rebirth to absolute idealism, phenomenology, poststructuralism, psychologism, historicism, contextualism, holism, and the like.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Cosmos and chaos 4 Changing and unchanging worlds 5 Phenomenon and noumenon 6 Phenomenon and Spirit 7 A posteriori and a priori 8 Analytic-synthetic distinction 9 Analysis and synthesis 10 Information, prior and posterior probabilities 11 Inductive and deductive reasoning 12 Subjectivity, intersubjectivity and objectivity 13 Close reading vs. reader response 14 Extraversion and introversion 15 Attention and intention 16 Impressionsim and expressionism 17 Emic and etic 18 Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism 19 Empiricism and rationalism 20 Experience and Immanence 21 Explication and implication 22 Explicit and implicit meaning 23 Explicature and implicature 24 Explicit and implicit knowledge 25 Explicate and implicate order 26 Sciences and humanities 27 Manifest and scientific images 28 Manifest and latent functions 29 Manifest and latent variables 30 Vertical and lateral thinking 31 Thin and thick descriptions 32 Prescription and description 33 Mimesis and diegesis 34 Causalist vs. descriptivist reference theory 35 Direct vs. mediated reference theory 36 De dicto and de re 37 Historical narratives and revisionism 38 Being in the world 39 Great chain of being 40 Structure and superstructure 41 Macrostructure and microstructure 42 Holon and holarchy 43 Atomism and holism 44 Man and machine 45 Individual and community 46 Biology and ecology 47 Nature and nurture 48 Genotype and phenotype 49 Gene and Nature 50 Meme and culture 51 Keyword and culture 52 Keyword in context 53 Keyword within and without 54 Text, intertext and hypertext 55 Text, subtext and context 56 Synopsis and text 57 Theme and rheme 58 Topic and comment 59 Subject and predicate 60 Substance and attribute 61 Denotation and connotation 62 Reference and sense 63 Object and concept 64 Genus and differentia 65 Intersection and difference 66 Individual and universal 67 Extension and intension 68 Extensional and intensional definition 69 Reductionism and contextualism 70 Content and context 71 Information retrieval and information mess 72 Yang and Yin 73 Thesis and antithesis 74 Wave and particle theories 75 Hidden variable theory 76 Local realism and nonlocality 77 Determinism vs. indeterminism 78 Action and reaction 79 Social action and social interaction 80 Stimulus and response 81 See also 82 References 83 External links

[edit] Etymology

[edit] History

[edit] Cosmos and chaos

Main articles: Cosmos, Chaos, and Ginungagap

[edit] Changing and unchanging worlds

Main articles: Platonic realism and Platonic idealism

[edit] Phenomenon and noumenon

Main articles: Phenomenon and Noumenon

[edit] Phenomenon and Spirit

Main articles: Phenomenon and Spirit

[edit] A posteriori and a priori

Main article: A priori and a posteriori (philosophy)

[edit] Analytic-synthetic distinction

Main article: Analytic-synthetic distinction

[edit] Analysis and synthesis

Main articles: Analysis (philosophy) and Synthesis

[edit] Information, prior and posterior probabilities

Main articles: Information, Bayesian probability, Bayesian inference, and Bayes' theorem

[edit] Inductive and deductive reasoning

Main articles: Inductive reasoning, Deductive reasoning, and Abductive reasoning

[edit] Subjectivity, intersubjectivity and objectivity

Main articles: Subjectivity, Intersubjectivity, and Objectivity

[edit] Close reading vs. reader response

Main articles: Close reading, Reader response, and Reception theory

[edit] Extraversion and introversion

Main article: Extraversion and introversion

[edit] Attention and intention

Main articles: Attention, Intention, Intentionality, and Bicameral mind

[edit] Impressionsim and expressionism

Main articles: Impressionism and Expressionism

[edit] Emic and etic

Main article: Emic and etic

[edit] Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

Main articles: Ethnocentrism and Cultural relativism

[edit] Empiricism and rationalism

Main articles: Empiricism and Rationalism

[edit] Experience and Immanence

Main articles: Experience, Immanence, Transcendence, and Plane of immanence

[edit] Explication and implication

Main articles: Explication and Implication (pragmatics)

[edit] Explicit and implicit meaning

Main article: Literal and figurative language

See also: Figure of speech

[edit] Explicature and implicature

Main article: Implicature

See also: Direct and indirect speech acts, Relevance theory

[edit] Explicit and implicit knowledge

Main articles: Explicit knowledge and Tacit knowledge

[edit] Explicate and implicate order

Main article: Implicate and Explicate Order according to David Bohm

[edit] Sciences and humanities

Main articles: The Two Cultures, Science, and Humanities

See also: A Guide for the Perplexed

[edit] Manifest and scientific images

Main article: Wilfrid Sellars

[edit] Manifest and latent functions

Main article: Manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions

[edit] Manifest and latent variables

Main articles: Observable variable, Latent variable, and Latent variable model

[edit] Vertical and lateral thinking

Main article: Lateral thinking

[edit] Thin and thick descriptions

Main article: Thick description

[edit] Prescription and description

Main articles: Linguistic prescription and Descriptive linguistics

[edit] Mimesis and diegesis

Main articles: Mimesis and Diegesis

[edit] Causalist vs. descriptivist reference theory

Main articles: Causal theory of reference and Descriptivist theory of names

[edit] Direct vs. mediated reference theory

Main articles: Direct reference theory and Mediated reference theory

[edit] De dicto and de re

Main article: De dicto and de re

See also: de se (philosophy)

[edit] Historical narratives and revisionism

Main articles: Historical revisionism and Historical revisionism (negationism)

[edit] Being in the world

Main article: Dasein

[edit] Great chain of being

Main article: Great chain of being

[edit] Structure and superstructure

Main articles: Structure, Infrastructure, and Superstructure

[edit] Macrostructure and microstructure

Main articles: Macrostructure and Microstructure

[edit] Holon and holarchy

Main articles: Holon and Holarchy

[edit] Atomism and holism

Main articles: Atomism, Holism, and Holism in science

[edit] Man and machine

Main articles: Cybernetics and System theory

[edit] Individual and community

Main articles: Structure and agency, Culture, Community, and Society

See also: Sense of community, Communities of Practice

[edit] Biology and ecology

Main articles: Biology, Ecology, and Sociobiology

[edit] Nature and nurture

Main article: Nature versus nurture

[edit] Genotype and phenotype

Main articles: Genotype and Phenotype

[edit] Gene and Nature

Main articles: Gene and Nature

[edit] Meme and culture

Main articles: Meme and Culture

[edit] Keyword and culture

Main article: Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society

[edit] Keyword in context

Main article: Keyword in context

[edit] Keyword within and without

Main articles: Keyword (search), Hyperlink, and Enquire

[edit] Text, intertext and hypertext

Main articles: Text, Intertextuality, and Hypertext

[edit] Text, subtext and context

Main articles: Text, Subtext, and Context

[edit] Synopsis and text

Main articles: Abstract and Document

[edit] Theme and rheme

Main article: Theme-rheme

[edit] Topic and comment

Main article: Topic-prominent language

[edit] Subject and predicate

Main articles: Subject (grammar) and Predicate (grammar)

[edit] Substance and attribute

Main article: Substance theory

[edit] Denotation and connotation

Main article: Connotation and denotation

[edit] Reference and sense

Main article: Sense and reference

[edit] Object and concept

Main article: Concept and object

[edit] Genus and differentia

Main article: Genus-differentia definition

[edit] Intersection and difference

Main articles: Intersection (set theory) and Symmetric difference

[edit] Individual and universal

Main articles: Individual, Particular, and Universal

[edit] Extension and intension

Main articles: Extension (semantics) and Intension

[edit] Extensional and intensional definition

Main articles: Extensional definition and Intensional definition

[edit] Reductionism and contextualism

Main articles: Reductionism and Contextualism

See also: Abstraction, Occam's razor, Scientific model, Parsimony, simplicity Minimalism, Greedy reductionism, complexity, Complex system, Chaos theory

[edit] Content and context

Main articles: Content and Context

[edit] Information retrieval and information mess

Main articles: Information retrieval, Search engine, and Information overload

[edit] Yang and Yin

Main article: Yin and yang

[edit] Thesis and antithesis

Main articles: Thesis and Antithesis

[edit] Wave and particle theories

Main article: Wave-particle duality

[edit] Hidden variable theory

Main article: Hidden variable theory

[edit] Local realism and nonlocality

Main articles: Local realism and Nonlocality

[edit] Determinism vs. indeterminism

Main articles: Determinism and Indeterminism

[edit] Action and reaction

Main articles: Action (physics) and Reaction (physics)

[edit] Social action and social interaction

Main articles: Social action and Social interaction

[edit] Stimulus and response

Main article: Stimulus-response model

[edit] See also

• Absolute idealism
• Phenomenology
• Poststructuralism
• Holism
• Contextualism
• Psychologism
• Social constructivism
• New Historicism
• Systems thinking

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Wilfrid Sellars (1962) Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man
• Jay F. Rosenberg (1990) Fusing the Images: Nachruf for Wilfrid Sellars
• Introduction: Lawrence Durrell, Text, Hypertext, Intertext