Swadesh list of Slavic languages

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Main article: Proto-Slavic language

Once it split off from Proto-Indo-European, the proto-Slavic period probably encompassed a period of stability lasting 2000 years. Following this period of stability, a small period of time—only several centuries—of rapid change occurred before the breakup of Slavic linguistic unity. Slavic migrations in the early sixth century are the most likely catalyst of subsequent dialectal differentiation.[1][2] Proto-Slavic, as well as its development into today's Slavic languages has been reconstructed using the comparative method. The comparative method has been used to reconstruct Proto-Slavic (and its mother tongue, Proto-Indo-European).

The Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages via comparison. It contains a set of 207 basic words which can be found in every language and are rarely borrowed. The list here is given in both the orthography of each language as well as in IPA. In actual comparative techniques, orthography is never used unless there is no phonetic data.

Contents

[edit] Table

Slavic Languages
Translation Late Proto-Slavic Russian Bulgarian Czech Polish
orthography IPA orthography IPA orthography IPA orthography IPA
I *(j)azъ, (j)ā я [ja] аз [as] já [jaː] ja [ja]
you (singular) *ty ты [tɨ] ти [ti] ty [tɪ] ty [tɨ]
he *onъ, *ona, *ono / *tъ, *ta, *to он [on] той [tɔj] on [on] on [ɔn]
we *my мы [mɨ] ние [ˈniɛ] my [mɪ] my [mɨ]
you (plural) *vy вы [vɨ] вие [ˈviɛ] vy [vɪ] wy, państwo [vɨ], [ˈpaɲstfɔ]
they *oni, *ony, *ona они [ɐˈnʲi] те [tɛ] oni, ony, ona [oɲɪ, onɪ, ona] oni [ˈɔni]
this *tъ это [ˈɛtə] това [tɔˈva] toto [toto] to [tɔ]
that *tъ то [to] онова [ɔnɔˈva] tamto [tamto] tamto [ˈtamtɔ]
here здесь, тут [zʲdʲesʲ], [tut] тук [tuk] zde [zdɛ] tu, tutaj [tu, tutaj]
there *tamъ там [tam] там [tam] tam [tam] tam [tam]
who *kъto кто [kto] кой [koj] kdo [gdo] kto [ktɔ]
what *čьto что [ʂto] какво [kakˈvɔ], [ʃtɔ] co [tso] co [t͡sɔ]
where *kъdě, *kъde где [gdʲɛ] къде [kɤˈde] kde [gdɛ] gdzie [ɡd͡ʑɛ]
when *kъgda когда [kɐˈgda] кога [koˈga] kdy [gdɪ] kiedy [ˈkʲɛdɨ]
how как [kak] как [kak] jak [jak] jak [jak]
not *ne не [nʲɛ] не [nɛ] ne– [nɛ] nie [ɲɛ]
all *vьsь все [fsʲe] всички, цял/целият [ˈfsit͡ʃki], [tsʲal] všichni [fʃɪxɲɪ] wszyscy [ˈfʂɨst͡sɨ]
many *mъnogъ много [ˈmnogʲɘ] много [ˈmnogo] mnoho [mnoɦo] dużo, bardzo [ˈduʐɔ], [ˈbard͡zɔ]
some *ne + *koliko несколько [ˈnʲɛskəlʲkə] няколко [ˈŋʲakolko] několik [ɲɛkolɪk] kilka [ˈkʲilka]
few *malъ мало [ˈ malə] малко [ˈmalko] málo [maːlo] mało [ˈmawɔ]
other другой, иной [druˈgoj], [ɪˈnoj] друг [druk] jiný [jɪniː] inny [ˈinːɨ]
one *(j)edinъ, *(j)edьnъ один [ɐˈdʲin] един [eˈdin] jeden [jɛdɛn] jeden [ˈjɛdɛn]
two *d(ъ)va два [dva] две [dve] dva [dva] dwa [dva]
three *trьje, *tri три [trʲi] три [tri] tři [tr̝°ɪ] trzy [tʂɨ]
four *četyre четыре [t͡ɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] четири [ˈt͡ʃɛtiri] čtyři [tʂtɪr̝ɪ] cztery [ˈt͡ʂtɛrɨ]
five pętь пять [pʲætʲ] пет [pɛt] pět [pjɛt] pięć [pʲɛ̃t͡ɕ]
big *velikъ большой [bɐˈlʲʂoj] голям [gʊˈʎʲam] velký [vɛlkiː] wielki [ˈvʲɛlkʲi]
long *dьlgъ длинный [ˈdʲlʲinnɨj] дълъг [ˈdɤlɤk] dlouhý [dloʊ̯ɦiː] długi [ˈdwuɡi]
wide *širokъ широкий [ʂɨˈrokʲɪj] широк [ʃiˈrɔk] široký [ʃɪrokiː] szeroki [ʂɛˈrɔki]
thick *tъlstъ толстый [ˈtolstɨj] плътен, дебел [ˈplɤten] tlustý [tlʊstiː] tłusty [ˈtwustɨ]
heavy *tęžъkъ тяжeлый [tʲɪˈʐolɨj] тежък [ˈtɛʒɤk] těžký [cɛʃkiː] ciężki [ˈt͡ɕɛ̃ʂki]
small *malъ маленький [ˈmalʲɪnʲkʲɪj] малък, дребен [ˈmalɤk] malý [maliː] mały [ˈmawɨ]
short *kortъkъ короткий [kɐˈrotkʲɪj] кратък, къс [ˈkratɤk], [kɤs] krátký [kraːtkiː] krótki [ˈkrutkʲi]
narrow *ǫzъkъ узкий [ˈuskʲɪj] тесен [ˈtɛsen] úzký [uːskiː] wąski [ˈvɔ̃ski]
thin *tьnъkъ тонкий [ˈtonkʲɪj] тънък, слаб ˈtɤnɤk] tenký tɛŋkiː] cienki [ˈt͡ɕɛ̃nkʲi]
woman *žena женщина [ˈʐɛnɕːɪnə] жена [ʒeˈna] žena [ʒɛna] kobieta [kɔˈbʲɛta]
man (male) *mǫžь мужчина [muˈɕːinə] мъж [ˈmɤʃ] muž [mʊʃ] mężczyzna [mɛ̃ˈʂt͡ʂɨzna]
man (human) *čьlověkъ человек [t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲɛk] човек [t͡ʃoˈvɛk] člověk [tʃlovjɛk] człowiek [ˈt͡ʂwɔvʲɛk]
child *dětę дитя [dʲɪˈtʲa] дете [deˈtɛ] dítě [ɟiːcɛ] dziecko [ˈd͡ʑɛt͡skɔ]
wife *žena жена [ʐɨˈna] съпруга, жена [sɤˈprugɤ] manželka [manʒɛlka] żona, małżonka [ˈʐɔna], [mawˈʐɔnka]
husband *mǫžь муж [muʂ] съпруг, мъж [sɤˈpruk] manžel [manʒɛl] mąż, małżonek [ˈmɔ̃ʐ], [mawˈʐɔnɛk]
mother *mati мать [matʲ] майка [ʲmajkɤ] matka [matka] matka [ˈmatka]
father *otьcь отец [ɐˈtʲɛt͡s] баща, татко [baˈʃta] otec [otɛts] ojciec [ˈɔjt͡ɕɛt͡s]
animal *zvěrь зверь, животное [zʲvʲerʲ], [ʐɨˈvotnəɪ] животно, звяр [ʒiˈvɔtno], [zvʲar] zvíře, živočich [zviːr̝ɛ, ʒɪvotʃɪx] zwierzę [ˈzvʲɛʐɛ]
fish *ryba рыба [ˈrɨbə] риба [ˈribɤ] ryba [rɪba] ryba [ˈrɨba]
bird *pъtica, *pъtъka птица [ˈptʲit͡sə] птица [ˈptit͡sɤ] pták [ptaːk] ptak [ptak]
dog *pьsъ собака, пёс [sɐˈbakə], [pʲos] куче, пес, псе [ˈkut͡ʃe], [pɛs], [psɛ] pes [pɛs] pies [pʲɛs]
louse *vъšь вошь [voʂ] въшка [ˈvɤʃkɤ] veš [vɛʃ] wesz [vɛʂ]
snake *(v)ǫžь, *zmьja змея [zʲmʲɪˈja] змия [zmiˈjɤ] had [ɦat] wąż [vɔ̃ʐ]
worm *čьrvь червь [t͡ɕerfʲ] червей [t͡ʃerˈvɛj] červ [tʃɛrf] robak [ˈrɔbak]
tree *dervo, *dьrvo дерево [ˈdʲerʲɪvə] дърво [dɤrˈvɔ] strom [strom] drzewo [ˈdʐɛvɔ]
forest *lěsъ лес [lʲɛs] гора, лес [ˈgɔrɤ], [lɛs] les [lɛs] las [las]
stick *palica, *palъka палка [ˈpɑlkə] пръчка, палка [ˈprɤt͡ʃkɤ], [ˈpalka] hůl [ɦuːl] laska / pałka / kij [ˈlaska] / ['pawka] / [kij]
fruit *plodъ плод [plot] плод [ˈplɔt] plod [plot] owoc [ˈɔvɔt͡s]
seed *sěmę семя [ˈsʲemʲə] семе [semˈɛ] semeno [sɜmɛno] ziarno [ˈʑarnɔ]
leaf *listъ лист [lʲist] листо, лист [liˈstɔ] list [lɪst] liść [ʎiɕt͡ɕ]
root *korenь корень [ˈkorʲɪnʲ] корен [ˈkɔren] kořen [kor̝ɛn] korzeń [ˈkɔʐɛɲ]
bark (of a tree) *kora кора [kɐˈra] кора [kʊˈra] kůra [kuːra] kora [ˈkɔra]
flower *květъ цветок [t͡svʲɪˈtok] цвете [t͡sveˈtɛ] květ [kvjɛt] kwiat [kfʲat]
grass *trava трава [trɐˈva] трева [treˈvɤ] tráva [traːva] trawa [ˈtrava]
rope *ǫže верёвка [vʲɪˈrʲofkə] въже, връв [vɤʒe], [vrɤf] provaz [provas] sznur, lina [ʂnur]
skin *koža кожа [ˈkoʐə] кожа [ˈkɔʒɤ] kůže [kuːʒɛ] skóra [ˈskura]
meat *męso мясо [ˈmʲasə] месо [ˈmɛso] maso [maso] mięso [ˈmʲɛ̃sɔ]
blood *kry кровь [krofʲ] кръв [ˈkrɤf] krev [krɛf] krew [krɛf]
bone *kostь кость [kosʲtʲ] кост, кокал [kɔst] kost [kost] kość [kɔɕt͡ɕ]
fat (noun) *sadlo жир [ˈʐɨr] мазнина [maˈzninɤ] tuk [tʊk] tłuszcz [twuʂt͡ʂ]
egg *(j)aję, *(j)ajьce яйцо [jɪjˈt͡so] яйце [jajˈt͡sɛ] vejce [vɛjt͡sɛ] jajko [ˈjajkɔ]
horn *rogъ рог [rok] рог [rɔk] roh [rox] róg [ruk]
tail *rępъ, хвост [xvost] опашка [ʊˈpaʃkɤ ocas [otsas] ogon [ˈɔɡɔn]
feather *pero перо [pʲɪˈro] перо [peˈrɔ] péro [pɛːro] pióro [ˈpʲurɔ]
hair *kosa, *volsъ волосы [ˈvoləsɨ] коса, косъм [koˈsɤ] vlasy [vlasɪ] włosy [vwɔsɨ]
head *golva голова [gəlɐˈva] глава [glaˈvɤ]] hlava [ɦlava] głowa [ˈɡwɔva]
ear *uxo ухо [ˈuxə] ухо [ˈuxo]] ucho [ʊxo] ucho [ˈuxɔ]
eye *oko глаз [glas] око [oˈkɔ]] oko [oko] oko [ˈɔkɔ]
nose *nosъ нос [nos] нос nos [nos] nos [nɔs]
mouth *usta рот [rot] уста ústa [uːsta] usta [ˈusta]
tooth *zǫbъ зуб [zup] зъб zub [zʊp] ząb [zɔ̃p]
tongue *(j)ęzykъ язык [jɪˈzɨk] език jazyk [jazɪk] język [ˈjɛ̃zɨk]
fingernail *nogъtь ноготь [ˈnogətʲ] нокът nehet [nɛɦɛt] paznokieć [paˈznɔkʲɛt͡ɕ]
foot *stopa стопа [stɐˈpa] стъпало noha [noɦa] stopa [ˈstɔpa]
leg *noga нога [nɐˈga] крак (нога) noha [noɦa] noga [ˈnɔɡa]
knee *kolěno колено [kɐˈlʲenə] коляно koleno [kolɛno] kolano [kɔˈlanɔ]
hand *rǫka рука [ruˈka] ръка ruka [rʊka] ręka [ˈrɛ̃ka]
wing *kridlo крыло [krɨˈlo] крило křídlo [kr̝°ɪːdlo] skrzydło [ˈskʂɨdwɔ]
belly *bruxo, *bruxъ живот [ʐɨˈvot] корем, търбух břicho [br̝ɪxo] brzuch [bʐux]
guts *červo внутренности, кишки [ˈvnutrʲɪnəsʲtʲɪ], [kʲɪˈʂkʲi] вътрешности, черва vnitřnosti, střeva [vɲɪtr̝°noscɪ, str̝°ɛva] wnętrzności [vnɛ̃ˈtʂnɔɕt͡ɕi]
neck *vortъ, *šija, *šьja шея [ˈʂejə] врат, шия, гръклян krk [kr̩k] szyja ['ʂɨja]
back *pletje, *xrьbьtъ спина [spʲɪˈna] гръб, гърбина záda [zaːda] plecy ['plɛt͡sɨ]
breast *grǫdь грудь [grutʲ] гръд, гърда prsa, hruď [pr̩sa, hrʊc] pierś [pʲɛrɕ]
heart *sьrdьce сердце [ˈsʲɛrtt͡sɨ] сърце srdce [sr̩tsɛ] serce [ˈsɛrt͡sɛ]
liver *(j)ętra печень [ˈpʲet͡ɕɪnʲ] черен дроб játra [jaːtra] wątroba [vɔ̃t'rɔba]
to drink *piti пить [pʲitʲ] пия pít [piːt] pić [pʲit͡ɕ]
to eat *(j)ěsti есть [jesʲtʲ] ям jíst [jiːst] jeść [jɛɕt͡ɕ]
to bite *gryzti грызть, кусать [grɨsʲtʲ], [kuˈsatʲ] хапя, гриза kousat [koʊ̯sat] gryźć [ɡrɨɕt͡ɕ]
to suck *sъsati сосать [sɐˈsatʲ] суча sát [saːt] ssać [ˈssat͡ɕ]
to spit *pjьvati плевать [plʲɪˈvatʲ] плюя plivat [plɪvat] pluć [ˈplut͡ɕ]
to vomit *bljьvati рвать, блевать [rvatʲ], [blʲɪˈvatʲ] повръщам, бълвам zvracet [zvratsɛt] wymiotować, zwracać [vɨmʲɔˈtɔvat͡ɕ], ['zvrat͡sat͡ɕ]
to blow *duxati дуть [dutʲ] духам foukat [foʊ̯kat] dmuchać [ˈdmuxat͡ɕ]
to breathe *dyxati дышать [dɨˈʂatʲ] дишам dýchat [diːxat] oddychać [ɔdˈdɨxat͡ɕ]
to laugh *smьjati sę смеятся [sʲmʲɪˈjætʲsʲɪ] смея се smát se [smaːt sɛ] śmiać się [ɕmʲat͡ɕ ɕɛ]
to see *viděti видеть [vʲɪˈdʲetʲ] виждам vidět [vɪɟɛt] widzieć [ˈvʲid͡ʑɛt͡ɕ];
to hear *slušati слышать [slɨˈʂatʲ] чувам, слушам slyšet [slɪʃɛt] słyszeć [ˈswɨʂɛt͡ɕ]
to know *znati, *věděti знать [znatʲ] зная (знам) vědět, znát [vjɛɟɛt, znaːt] wiedzieć [ˈvʲɛd͡ʑɛt͡ɕ]
to think *mysliti думать [duˈmatʲ] мисля myslet [mɪslɛt] myśleć [ˈmɨɕlɛt͡ɕ]
to smell *čuti нюхать, чуять [nʲuˈxatʲ], [t͡ɕuˈjætʲ] мириша, душа vonět, čichat [voɲɛt, tʃɪxat] czuć [t͡ʂut͡ɕ]
to fear *bojati sę бояться [bɐˈjætʲsʲɪ] страхувам се, боя се bát se [baːt se] bać się [ˈbat͡ɕ ɕɛ̃]
to sleep *sъpati спать [spatʲ] спя spát [spaːt] spać [spat͡ɕ]
to live *žiti жить [ʐɨtʲ] живея žít [ʒiːt] żyć [ʐɨt͡ɕ]
to die *merti умирать [umʲɪˈratʲ] умирам umírat [ʊmiːrat] umierać [uˈmʲɛrat͡ɕ]
to kill *ubiti убивать [ubʲɪˈvatʲ] убивам zabíjet [zabiːjɛt] zabijać [za'bʲijat͡ɕ]
to fight *boriti sę бороться [bɐˈrotʲsʲɪ] бия се, боря се bojovat [bojovat] walczyć [ˈvalt͡ʂɨt͡ɕ]
to hunt *loviti охотиться [ɐˈxotʲɪtʲsʲɪ] ловувам lovit [lovɪt] polować [pɔ'lɔvat͡ɕ]
to hit *udariti ударять [udɐˈrʲætʲ] удрям udeřit [ʊdɛr̝ɪt] uderzać [uˈdɛʐat͡ɕ]
to cut *sěkti, *strigti, *rězati резать, рубить [ˈrʲezətʲ], [ruˈbʲitʲ] режа, сека řezat [r̝ɛzat] ciąć [t͡ɕɔ̃t͡ɕ]
to split разделять [rəzʲdʲɪˈlʲætʲ] цепя, разделям rozdělit [rozɟɛlɪt] podzielić [ˈrɔ̃bat͡ɕ]
to stab *bosti, *kolti колоть [kɐˈlotʲ] промушвам, убождам píchnout [piːxnoʊ̯t] pchnąć [pxnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
to scratch *česati, *drapati царапать [t͡sɐˈrapətʲ] чеша, драскам škrábat [ʃkraːbat] skrobać [ˈdrapat͡ɕ]
to dig *kopati копать [kɐˈpatʲ] копая kopat [kopat] kopać [ˈkɔpat͡ɕ]
to swim *plyti плавать [plɐˈvatʲ] плувам plavat [plavat] pływać [ˈpwɨvat͡ɕ]
to fly *letěti летать [lʲɪˈtatʲ] летя létat [lɛːtat] latać [ˈlatat͡ɕ]
to walk *xoditi ходить, идти [xɐˈdʲitʲ], [ɪˈtʲi] вървя, ходя chodit, jít [xoɟɪt, jiːt] chodzić [iɕt͡ɕ]
to come приходить, прийти [prʲɪxɐˈdʲitʲ], [prʲɪjˈtʲi] идвам, ида přicházet, přijít [pr̝°ɪxazɛt, pr̝°ɪjiːt] przychodzić [pʂɨˈxɔd͡ʑit͡ɕ]
to lie (as in a bed) *ležati лежать [lʲɪˈʐatʲ] лежа ležet [lɛʒɛt] leżeć [ˈlɛʐɛt͡ɕ]
to sit *sěsti сидеть [sʲɪˈdʲetʲ] седя, сядам sedět [sɛɟɛt] siedzieć [ˈɕɛd͡ʑɛt͡ɕ]
to stand *stati стоять [stɐˈjætʲ] стоя stát [staːt] stać [stat͡ɕ]
to turn (intransitive) *vortiti, *vьrtěti вращать, вертеть [vrɐˈɕːætʲ], [vʲɪˈrtʲetʲ] завивам, въртя се točit [totʃɪt] skręcać [ˈskrɛ̃t͡sat͡ɕ]
to fall *pasti падать [pɐˈdatʲ] падам padat [padat] padać / spadać [ˈpadat͡ɕ]/[ˈspadat͡ɕ]
to give *dati давать [dɐˈvatʲ] давам dávat [daːvat] dawać [ˈdavat͡ɕ]
to hold *dьržati держать [dʲɪˈrʐatʲ] държа držet [dr̩ʒɛt] trzymać [ˈtʂɨmat͡ɕ]
to squeeze *tiskati, *žęti сжимать [ʑːɪˈmatʲ] стискам, стягам, мачкам mačkat [matʃkat] ściskać [ˈɕt͡ɕiskat͡ɕ]
to rub *terti тереть [tʲɪˈrʲetʲ] трия, търкам třít [tr̝̊iːt] trzeć [ˈtʂɛt͡ɕ]
to wash *myti мыть [mɨtʲ] мия, пера mýt [miːt] myć [mɨt͡ɕ]
to wipe вытирать [vɨtʲɪˈratʲ] бърша, трия, изтривам vytírat [vɪciːrat] wycierać [vɨˈt͡ɕɛrat͡ɕ]
to pull *pьxati тянуть [tʲɪˈnutʲ] дърпам, тегля táhnout [taːɦnoʊ̯t] ciągnąć [ˈt͡ɕɔ̃ɡnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
to push толкать, пихать [tɐˈlkatʲ], [pʲɪˈxatʲ] натискам, бутам, пъхам tlačit [tlatʃɪt] pchać [pxat͡ɕ]
to throw *kydati, *mesti, *vergti бросать, кидать [brɐˈsatʲ], [kʲɪˈdatʲ] хвърлям házet [ɦaːzɛt] rzucać [ˈʐut͡sat͡ɕ]
to tie *vęzati вязать [vʲɪˈzatʲ] връзвам vázat [vaːzat] wiązać [ˈvʲɔ̃zat͡ɕ]
to sew *šiti шить [ʂɨtʲ] шия šít [ʃiːt] szyć [ʂɨt͡ɕ]
to count *čitati считать [ɕːɪˈtatʲ] броя počítat [potʃiːtat] liczyć [ˈʎit͡ʂɨt͡ɕ]
to say *kazati говорить, сказать [gəvɐˈrʲitʲ], [skɐˈzatʲ] казвам říkat [r̝iːkat] mówić [ˈmuvit͡ɕ]
to sing *pěti, *pěvati петь [pʲetʲ] пея zpívat [spiːvat] śpiewać [ˈɕpʲɛvat͡ɕ]
to play *jьgrati играть [ɪˈgratʲ] играя hrát [ɦraːt] grać [grat͡ɕ]
to float *plyti плыть [plɨtʲ] плавам plout [ploʊ̯t] płynąć [ˈpwɨnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
to flow tetji течь [tʲet͡ɕ] тека téct [tɛːtst] ciec [t͡ɕɛt͡s]
to freeze *mьrznǫti замерзaть [zəmʲɪˈrzatʲ] замръзвам zamrznout [zamr̩znoʊ̯t] marznąć [ˈmarznɔ̃t͡ɕ]
to swell *puxnǫti пухнуть [puˈxnutʲ] подувам се, отичам otéct, opuchnout [otɛːtst, opʊxnoʊ̯t] puchnąć [ˈpuxnɔ̃t͡ɕ]
sun *sъlnьce солнце [ˈsont͡sɨ] слънце slunce [slʊntsɛ] słońce [ˈswɔɲt͡sɛ]
moon *luna, *měsęcь луна [ˈlunə] луна, месец, месечина měsíc [mɲɛsiːts] księżyc [ˈkɕɛ̃ʐɨt͡s]
star *gvězda звезда [ˈzʲvʲɪzdə] звезда hvězda [ɦvjɛzda] gwiazda [ˈɡvʲazda]
water *voda вода [vɐˈda] вода voda [voda] woda [ˈvɔda]
rain *dъždь дождь [doɕː], [doʂtʲ] дъжд déšť [dɛːʃtʲ] deszcz [dɛʂt͡ʂ]
river *rěka река [rʲɪˈka] река řeka [r̝ɛka] rzeka [ˈʐɛka]
lake *(j)ezero, *ozero озеро [ˈozʲɛrə] езеро jezero [jɛzɛro] jezioro [jɛˈʑɔrɔ]
sea *more, *morě море [ˈmorʲɪ] море moře [mor̝ɛ] morze [ˈmɔʐɛ]
salt *solь соль [solʲ] сол sůl [suːl] sól [sul]
stone *kamy камень [ˈkamʲɪnʲ] камък (камен) kámen [kaːmɛn] kamień [ˈkamʲɛɲ]
sand *pěsъkъ песок [pʲɪˈsok] пясък písek [piːsɛk] piasek [ˈpʲasɛk]
dust *porxъ пыль [pɨlʲ] прах prach [prax] kurz [kuʂ]
earth *zemь, *zemja земля [zʲɪˈmlʲa] земя země [zɛmɲɛ] ziemia [ˈʑɛmʲa]
cloud *tǫča туча, облако [ˈtut͡ɕə], [ˈobləkə] облак oblak [oblak] chmura [ˈxmura]
fog туман, мгла [tuˈman] мъгла mlha [ml̩ɦa] mgła [mɡwa]
sky *nebo небо [ˈnʲɛbə] небе nebe [nɛbɛ] niebo [ˈɲɛbɔ]
wind *větrъ ветер [ˈvʲetʲɪr] вятър vítr [viːtr̩] wiatr [vʲatr]
snow *sněgъ снег [snʲɛk] сняг sníh [sniːx] śnieg [ɕɲɛk]
ice *ledъ лед [lʲot] лед led [lɛt] lód [lut]
smoke *dymъ дым [dɨm] дим, пушек dým [diːm] dym [dɨm]
fire *ognь огонь [ɐˈgonʲ] огън oheň [oɦɛɲ] ogień [ˈɔgʲɛɲ]
ash *pepelъ зола, пепел [zɐˈla], [ˈpʲepʲɪl] пепел popel [popɛl] popiół [ˈpɔpʲuw]
to burn *gorěti, *paliti гореть, пылать [gɐˈrʲetʲ], [pɨˈlatʲ] горя hořet [hor̝ɛt] palić [ˈpaʎit͡ɕ ɕɛ̃]
road *pǫtь дорога, путь [dɐˈrogə], [putʲ] път cesta [tsɛsta] droga [ˈdrɔɡa]
mountain *polnina, *gora гора [gɐˈra] планина hora [ɦora] góra [ˈɡura]
red *čьrmьnъ красный [ˈkrasnɨj] червен červený [tʃɛrvɛniː] czerwony [t͡ʂɛrˈvɔnɨ]
green *zelenъ зеленый [zʲɪˈlʲonɨj] зелен zelený [zɛlɛniː] zielony [ʑɛˈlɔnɨ]
yellow *žьltъ желтый [ˈʐoltɨj] жълт žlutý [ʒlʊtiː] żółty [ˈʐuwtɨ]
white *bělъ белый [ˈbʲelɨj] бял bílý [biːliː] biały [ˈbʲawɨ]
black *čьrnъ чёрный [ˈt͡ɕornɨj] черен černý [tʃɛrniː] czarny [ˈt͡ʂarnɨ]
night *noktь ночь [not͡ɕ] нощ noc [nots] noc [nɔt͡s]
day *dьnь день [dʲenʲ] ден den [dɛn] dzień [d͡ʑɛɲ]
year *godъ, *rokъ год [got] година rok [rok] rok [rɔk]
warm *teplъ, *toplъ тёплый [ˈtʲoplɨj] топъл teplý [tɛpliː] ciepły [ˈt͡ɕɛpwɨ]
cold *xoldьnъ холодный [xɐˈlodnɨj] студен, хладен studený, chladný [stʊdɛniː, xladniː] zimny [ˈʑimnɨ]
full *pьlnъ полный [ˈpolnɨj] пълен plný [pl̩niː] pełny [ˈpɛwnɨ]
new *novъ новый [ˈnovɨj] нов nový [noviː] nowy [ˈnɔvɨ]
old *starъ старый [ˈstarɨj] стар starý [stariː] stary [ˈstarɨ]
good *dobrъ хороший [xɐˈ roʂɨj] добър dobrý [dobriː] dobry [ˈdɔbrɨ]
bad *zъlъ злой, плохой [zloj], [plɐˈxoj] лош špatný, zlý [ʃpatniː, zliː] zły [zwɨ]
rotten *gnjilъ гнилой [gnʲɪˈloj] гнил, покварен shnilý [sxɲɪliː] zgniły [ˈzɡɲiwɨ]
dirty грязный [ˈgrʲaznɨj] мръсен, нечист špinavý [ʃpɪnaviː] brudny [ˈbrudnɨ]
straight *prostъ, *pravъ прямой [prʲɪˈmoj] прав, пряк přímý [pr̝°iːmiː] prosty [ˈprɔstɨ]
round *krǫglъ круглый [ˈkruglɨj] кръгъл okrouhlý [okroʊ̯ɦliː] okrągły [ɔˈkrɔ̃ɡwɨ]
sharp *bridъkъ острый [ˈostrɨj] остър ostrý [ostriː] ostry [ˈɔstrɨ]
dull *tǫpъ тупой [tuˈpoj] тъп tupý [tʊpiː] tępy [ˈtɛ̃pɨ]
smooth *gladъkъ гладкий, ровный [ˈglatkʲɪj], [ˈrovnɨj] гладък hladký [ɦlatkiː] gładki [ˈɡwatkɨ]
wet *mokrъ мокрый [ˈmokrɨj] мокър mokrý [mokriː] mokry [ˈmɔkrɨ]
dry *suxъ сухой [suˈxoj] сух suchý [sʊxiː] suchy [ˈsuxɨ]
correct правильный [ˈpravʲɪlʲnɨj] правилен správný [spraːvniː] poprawny [pɔˈpravnɨ]
near *blizъ близкий [ˈblʲizkʲɪj] близък blízký [bliːskiː] bliski [ˈbʎiskɨ]
far *dalekъ далекий [dɐˈlʲɵkʲɪj] далечен daleký [dalɛkiː] daleki [daˈlɛkʲi]
right *pravъ правый [ˈpravɨj] десен pravý [praviː] prawy [ˈpravɨ]
left *lěvъ левый [ˈlʲɛvɨj] ляв levý [lɛviː] lewy [ˈlɛvɨ]
at *po, *u при, у, возле [prʲi], [u], [ˈvozʲlʲɪ] до, на, при při, u, vedle [pr̝°ɪ, ʊ, vɛdlɛ] do, na, przy, koło [dɔ], [na], [pʂɨ], [kɔwɔ]
in *vъ(n) в /v/ в(във), у v [v] w [v]
with *sъ(n) с /s/ с(със) s [s] z [z]
and (j)ь, *a и, а [i] и, а a, i [a] i, a [i, a]
if *(j)ako если [ˈjesʲlʲɪ] ако jestli [jɛstlɪ] jeśli, jeżeli ['jɛɕʎi], [jɛˈʐɛʎi]
because *dělja, *dьlja, děljьma потому что [pətɐˈmu ʂtə] защото protože [protoʒɛ] bo, dlatego że [bɔ], [dla'tɛgɔ ʐɛ]
name *(j)ьmę имя [ˈimʲə] име jméno [jmɛːno] imię [ˈimʲɛ]

[edit] Dialectal differentiation

After the three palatalizations of Proto-Slavic, dialectal variation became more apparent. Some dialects (such as Proto-East Slavic), applied the second regressive palatalization across an intervening *v.[3]

  • Russian: *gwojzda → *gwězda → zvězda → [zʲvʲɪˈzda] ('star')
  • Polish: *gwojzda → *gwězda → gwiazda → [ˈɡvʲazda] ('star')

Also, the realization of the palatalizations' sibilants varied a little amongst dialects. Belić (1921) argues that the phonetic character of the palatalizations was uniform throughout Common Slavic and that West Slavic languages developed *š later on by analogy.[4] In all dialects (except for Lechitic), [dz] was deaffricated to [z]:[5]

The final cutoff point for the Proto-Slavic period was the change of *ě to *a after palatal consonants and *j, which then created *ča/*ka contrasts.[6]. This, and the shortening and elision of weak yers (*ь/ĭ and *ъ/ŭ) (see Havlík's law) that created newly formed closed syllables[7] ended the period of syllabic synharmony characteristic of Common Slavic.

For many Common Slavic dialects—including most of West Slavic, all but the northernmost portions of East Slavic, and some western parts of South Slavic— *g lenited from a voiced velar plosive to a voiced velar fricative ([g] → [ɣ]). Because this change was not universal and because it did not occur for a number of East Slavic dialects (such as Belarussian and South Russian) until after the application of Havlík's law, Shevelov (1977) calls into question early projections of this change and postulates three independant instigations of lenition, dating the earliest to before 900 AD and the latest to the early thirteenth century.[8]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Van Wijk (1956:21-27)
  2. ^ Lehr-Spławiński (1957:255-256)
  3. ^ Channon (1971:9)
  4. ^ Belić (1921:31)
  5. ^ Channon (1971:9)
  6. ^ Channon (1971:12)
  7. ^ Bethin (1997:13)
  8. ^ Shevelov (1977:137, 145)

[edit] Bibliography

  • Belić, Aleksandar (1921), "Најмлађа (Трећа) Промена Задњенепчаних Сугласника k, g и h у Прасловенском Језику", Јужнословенски Филолог II: 18-39
  • Bethin, Christina Yurkiw (1998), Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521591481
  • Channon, Robert (1972), On the Place of the Progressive Palatalization of Velars in the Relative Chronology of Slavic, Mouton
  • Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1957), written at Sofia, "Z dziejów języka prasłowiańskiego (Urywek z większej całości)", Езиковедски изследвания в чесм на академик Смефан Младенов
  • Shevelov, George Y. (1977), "On the Chronology of h and the New g in Ukrainian", written at Cambridge, in Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. vol 1, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 137–52