Suzuki Cultus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Suzuki Cultus | |
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Manufacturer | Suzuki Motor Corporation CAMI Automotive Bogotá, Colombia |
Also called | Suzuki SA-310 Suzuki Swift Suzuki Forsa Chevrolet Sprint Pontiac Firefly Chevrolet Swift Holden Barina Geo/Chevrolet Metro |
Production | 1983–present (Suzukis) 1985-2001 (General Motors versions) |
Assembly | Hamamatsu, Japan Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada Bogotá, Colombia |
Predecessor | Chevrolet Chevette (Metro and Sprint) Pontiac Acadian (Firefly) |
Successor | Suzuki Swift Suzuki Ignis Chevrolet Aveo (Metro) Pontiac Wave (Firefly) (2004) Pontiac LeMans (1992 Fireflys) |
Class | Supermini Subcompact |
Body style(s) | 3-door hatchback 5-door hatchback 4-door sedan 2-door convertible |
Related | Suzuki Cultus Crescent |
The Suzuki Cultus was a supermini or subcompact manufactured and marketed worldwide across three generations and four body styles: 3-door hatchback, 4-door sedan, 5-door hatchback and 2-door convertible. The car was marketed domestically as the Cultus and internationally as the:
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- Suzuki Forsa
- Suzuki Swift
- Chevrolet Sprint and Sprint Metro
- Geo Metro
- Chevrolet Metro
- Pontiac Firefly
- Maruti 1000
- Holden Barina
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The Cultus platform was originally designed and developed by Suzuki for the JDM(Japanese domestic market) and introduced as the 1983 Cultus. Reflecting an alliance between GM and Suzuki originating in 1981,[1] GM adopted the Cultus as a captive import with the introduction of the 1985 Chevrolet Sprint.
The second and third generations of the platform, first appearing in 1989 and 1995 respectively, were designed at GM's Technical Center in Warren, Michigan and were designated the GM M platform, while the engines and drivetrains were developed by Suzuki. Notably, Suzuki continued to market variations and evolutons of the second generation in various markets while the North American market received its dedicated "third" genereation.
In 1995, the Japanese market received a distinct and slightly enlarged model, the Cultus Crescent, which Suzuki also marketed worldwide as the Baleno and Esteem. With the end of the base Cultus production ending in 1998, the Cultus Crescent simply became known as Cultus from that year.
The name Cultus derives from the Latin cultus, meaning "care" or "adoration."
Contents |
[edit] Manufacturing
From 1985 through 1989, all Cultus production was sourced from Suzuki's facilities in Japan. Beginning in 1990, all North American M-cars were produced at CAMI Automotive, a 50-50 joint venture between General Motors and Suzuki in Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada. Japanese production continued to source Canadian sedan models.
The Cultus remained available in other markets, and production continued until 2003. Assembly had also shifted to India (Maruti), Hungary (Magyar Suzuki), Pakistan (Pak Suzuki) and China (Chang'an).
The Cultus remained for sale in Japan until 1998, replaced by the Wagon R Solio (a larger version of the Suzuki Wagon R keicar) until the arrival of the Suzuki Ignis in 2000, which was called Swift in Japan. Japanese and European markets continue to carry a distinct, Japan-designed vehicle with the Swift nameplate.
The Cultus siblings in North America were largely superceded by a family of vehicles based on the Daewoo Kalos, including the Chevrolet Aveo, Pontiac Wave and Suzuki Swift+. By 2006, GM had significantly reduced its ownership interest in Suzuki.[1].
The Suzuki Cultus and GM M platform family:
Years | Model | Market | Gen | Notes |
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1983-1998 | Suzuki Cultus | Japan | I, II | |
1985-1988 | Suzuki Forsa | Canada | I | |
1985-2001 | Suzuki Swift | North America | II, III | |
1985-2004 | Suzuki Swift | Europe | II | |
1985-1988 | Chevrolet Sprint | USA | I | Canada's Sprint model ran through 1991 |
19---19-- | Chevrolet Sprint | Columbia | I, II | Manufactured at Colmotores, Bogotá, Colombia |
1985-2001 | Pontiac Firefly | North America | I, II, III | |
1989-1997 | Geo Metro | North America | II, III | Geo as a brand did not appear in Canada until 1992 |
1998-2001 | Chevrolet Metro | USA | III | |
1988–1994 | Holden Barina | Australia | II | |
1990–1994 | Maruti 1000 | India | ||
1995–2007 | Maruti Esteem | India |
[edit] Cultus overview
The first Cultus was introduced in 1983 as a hatchback body in 3- and 5-door configurations, and two petrol engines from the G family, a three cylinder powerplant with 993 cc, and a four cylinder version with 1324 cc. Power ranged from 60 PS JIS (44 kW) to 75 PS (55 kW). Manual and automatic transmissions were available. A turbocharged version of the smaller engine was later introduced, with power raised to 80 PS (59 kW), and 165/70 HR12 tyres.
The Cultus was slightly restyled in 1986, adopting a new frontend, with redesigned grille, headlights and bumper. Engine power was slightly detuned on the 1.0 L and 1.3 L model, and the Cultus Turbo was joined by a more powerful sports version, the Cultus GTi. This featured a new Twin Cam 16v variant of the 1.3 L engine, with 1298 cc, thanks to a shorter stroke (75.5 mm, down from the previous 77 mm), fuel injection and 97 PS (71 kW). Production of the Cultus' first generation stopped in 1988.
The Generation II was introduced in 1988 with similar dimensions and but redesigned to make better use of the cargo area and cabin space. Like its predecessor, the new Cultus was available as a 3- or 5-door hatchback, and was powered by G-series engines from 1.0 L to 1.3 L. However, this last one had adopted an SOHC 16-valve arrangement, with standard fuel injection. Power was 58 PS (43 kW) and 82 PS (60 kW) arrangement. For the first time, 4WD was optional on the larger engine.
Luxury and sports versions arrived within the year. The Cultus GTi was now much more powerful, reaching 115 PS JIS (85 kW) with updated version of the previous gti motor. This was an impressive number for a B-segment model at the time. Luxury versions were the Cultus Ellesse (which included automatic air conditioning, central locking, power windows and adjustable steering wheel) and the Esteem, a saloon version, sold in export markets as Swift Sedan. The Esteem featured a larger 1.5 L engine, capable of reaching 91 PS (67 kW), and it was available with optional 4WD. The equipment was the same as the Cultus Ellesse.
In 1992, Suzuki introduced a two-seat convertible, based on the hatchback body and dropped after one year.
Generation III was a North American exclusive model.
Generation I | |
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Also called | Suzuki Forsa Chevrolet Sprint Chevrolet Sprint Metro Pontiac Firefly |
Production | 1985–1988 |
Body style(s) | 3-door hatchback 5-door hatchback |
Wheelbase | 3-Door: 88.4 in (2245 mm) 5-Door: 92.3 in (2344 mm) |
Length | Hatchback: 144.5 in (3670 mm) 5-Door: 148.4 in (3769 mm) |
Width | Hatchback: 60.2 in (1529 mm) Turbo: 60.8 in (1544 mm) |
Height | 53.1 in (1349 mm) |
Curb weight | 1565 lb (710 kg) - 1620 lb (735 kg) |
Generation II | |
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Also called | Suzuki Cultus (domestic) Suzuki Swift (export) Geo Metro Pontiac Firefly |
Production | 1989–1994 |
Assembly | Ingersoll, Ontario Hamamatsu, Japan |
Body style(s) | 2-door convertible 3-door hatchback 4-door sedan (only sold in Canada) 5-door hatchback |
Engine(s) | 1.0 L Suzuki I3 1.0 L Suzuki turbocharged I3 1.3 L Suzuki I4 |
Wheelbase | 89.2 in (2266 mm) (2-Door) 93.1 in (2365 mm) (4-Door) |
Length | 146.1 in (3711 mm) (1989-1991 2-Door & Convertible) 147.4 in (3744 mm) (1992-94 2-Door & Convertible) 150 in (3810 mm) (1989-1991 5-Door) 151.4 in (3846 mm) (1992-94 5-Door) |
Width | 62 in (1575 mm) (2-Door) 62.7 in (1593 mm) (5-Door & Convertible) |
Height | 52.4 in (1331 mm) 53.5 in (1359 mm) (4-Door) 52 in (Convertible) |
Generation III | |
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Also called | Geo Metro Chevrolet Metro Pontiac Firefly Suzuki Swift |
Production | 1995–1997 (Geo) 1998–2000 (Chevrolet) 1995-2000 (Firefly) |
Assembly | Ingersoll, Ontario |
Body style(s) | 3-door hatchback 4-door sedan |
Engine(s) | 1.0 L Suzuki I3 1.3 L Suzuki I4 |
Wheelbase | 93.1 in (2365 mm) |
Length | 149.4 in (3795 mm) (hatchback) 164 in (4166 mm) (sedan) |
Width | 62.6 in (1590 mm) |
Height | 54.7 in (1389 mm) (hatchback) 55.4 in (1407 mm) (sedan) |
[edit] Export, international and rebadged models
[edit] Suzuki Forsa and Swift
- See main article: Suzuki Swift
From 1985 to 1988, Suzuki marketed the subcompact as the Suzuki Forsa and Pontiac Firefly in Canada. Suzuki later changed the export nameplate of the Cultus in North America to the Suzuki Swift, though not in all the body styles offered as the Metro. The Swift nameplate evolved through a further generation in Japan and Europe — after marketing of the Metro and CAMI production ceased. The current Canadian Suzuki Swift+ (note the 'plus symbol'), as distinct from the Swift, is a rebadged Daewoo Kalos (nee Chevrolet Aveo).
[edit] Chevrolet Sprint
The Chevrolet Sprint was sold in the United States, Canada and Colombia, with GM continuing to market the Chevette until 1987 alongside the Sprint. In the 1988 model year, the naturally-aspirated hatchback was named the Chevrolet Sprint Metro.
The "Sprint" and "Sprint Metro" differed in their engines. The Sprint Metro had a 50 mpg (US) (4.7 L/100 km/60 mpg imp) rating, while the Sprint was just 48 mpg (US) (4.9 L/100 km/58 mpg imp). Both were computer controlled carb systems.
From 1985 to 1988, the carbureted 1.0 L 3-cylinder engine used a hemispherical head design. The 1986 model was documented at 60 mpg (US) (3.9 L/100 km/72 mpg imp) on the highway. Later, as fuel injection was mandated, the cylinder head for the 1989 was redesigned to add the additional cooling required, which reduced gas mileage. The Sprint was originally offered in parts of the western US for the 1985 model year; subsequently Chevrolet marketed the Sprint to the rest of the North American market as well. All models had the hatchback body style and initially all were three-door models. Starting in 1986, a five-door hatchback version was offered, called the Sprint Plus. That year, another model called the Sprint ER was offered that included a few extra features, such as an "upshift" light to indicate the ideal speed to shift to the next highest gear on manual transmission models. Although air conditioning was offered in all years, the three-speed automatic transmission wasn't offered until 1986. All models featured front-wheel drive and 12-inch tires.
Turbocharged versions of the 1.0 L 3-cylinder engine were available in the Turbo Sprint from 1987 to 1990 (1987-1988 in U.S.). Colors were limited to red, white and blue for the Turbo Sprint. The corresponding Suzuki was not turbocharged; instead, it used a 1.3 L 4-cylinder engine.
[edit] Geo Metro
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Not to be confused with Rover Metro.
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The Geo Metro was a marketing and manufacturing variation of the Suzuki Cultus marketed from 1989 through 2001 as a joint effort of GM and Suzuki. The Metro, which carried a Geo nameplate from 1989 through 1997, and a Chevrolet nameplate from 1998 to 2001, evolved with the Cultus and its siblings over 13 years, three generations and four body styles: 3-door hatchback, 4-door sedan, 5-door hatchback and 2-door convertible — and was ultimately replaced by a family of vehicles based on the Daewoo Kalos.
As with the Cultus, the Metro was manufactured at Suzuki's Hamamatsu, Japan plant until 1990 when production commenced at CAMI Automotive. Japanese production continued to source Canadian sedan models.
Engines for the Metro were from the Suzuki G engine family:
G10: 1.0 L3
In the United States a single engine was available from 1989 through 1994: a 1.0 L I3 engine. Rated at 55 hp (39 kW), the engine acheived 38 city, 45 highway mpg per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards.
The detuned 49 hp (37 kW) engine in the XFi combined a shorter duration cam, leaner fuel map, two ring pistons, and a higher final drive gear model to achieve 43 city, 51 highway per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards.
G13: 1.3 L I4
In 1995, with the third generation Metro came the 1.3 L I4 with 70 hp (52 kW). The engine was the same engine that had been in use in the Suzuki Swift (except for the GT models) in prior years. LSi models produced from 1995 onward featured the 4-cylinder engine tuned to produce 79 hp, with the 3-cylinder still used on base models and becoming an option for non-LSi models in 1997.
Canadian Metros had the 1.3 L engine available as an option beginning in 1993 in the 3-door GSi model, and as standard equipment in the sedan (exclusive to the Canadian market at the time: as noted in the previous paragraph, American market Metros were not available in a sedan bodystyle until 1995).
[edit] Metro History
Generation I
- 1984 - Suzuki and General Motors announced they would sell rebadged models of the Suzuki Cultus in North America as Chevrolets and Pontiacs, with Suzuki selling their own version as the Forsa.
- 1985 - GM began marketing in North America as the Chevrolet Sprint. The car is also sold as Suzuki Forsa and Pontiac Firefly in Canada. The Chevrolet Sprint was sold only in the Western United States until 1986.
- 1986 - Chevrolet Sprint began nationwide sales in the US. Sprint consumers had a choice of ER, Base, and Turbo models. Firefly marketed in FE, Turbo, and Base models.
- 1987 - The Metro name first appeared on a model of the naturally-aspirated Chevrolet Sprint: the "Chevrolet Sprint Metro."
- 1988 - Production began on the first Geo Metro models at Suzuki's plant in Hamamatsu, Japan.
Generation II
- 1989 - The Geo Metro debuted in the United States, replacing the Sprint. Canadian models continued with the Chevrolet Sprint and Pontiac Firefly nameplates, while the second generation Suzuki Swift replaced the Forsa nameplate. Suzuki begins marketing the Swift in the United States.
- 1990 - Geo introduced Metro LSi models, which included an automatic transmission, air conditioning and a stereo with cassette player. Geo introduced the XFi model optimized for mileage, featuring the three-cylinder engine with a shorter duration cam, leaner fuel map, two ring pistons, and a higher final drive gear ratio and deleting interior amenities (e.g., the passenger mirror), thereby achieving 43 city, 51 highway per the revised 2007 EPA mileage standards. Production began at CAMI Automotive, where all remaining Metro models with the exception of convertibles would be produced. The convertible model debuted, available in LSi trim. As with the Metro, the Firefly is offered in sedan and convertible models.
- 1991 - GM increases convertible production and adds paint options.
- 1992 - The Metro received a facelift with new hubcaps, exterior modification and new interior controls. The Pontiac Firefly is dropped.
- 1993 - Convertible production ended. Automatic door locks, which deploy after the car reaches a speed of 10 mph (16 km/h) are introduced this year.
- 1994 - 5-door hatchback production ended. There was also a slight but barely noticeable change in the headlights, as well. Canadian Pontiac dealers began selling the Firefly (first generation) again, but with a facelift. The Convertible is dropped from the Firefly lineup, but Suzuki still produced Firefly and Metro sedans for Canada this year.
Generation III (North America only)
- 1995 - An all-new Metro was introduced, featuring the new 4-cylinder engine available in LSi models, to supplement the base models' 3-cylinder engine. Daytime running lights became standard (the Metro was the first GM car to get DRLs as standard equipment), as well as dual frontal airbags. The chassis was 30% stiffer than the first generation Metros, and it was the first car to meet 1997 side-impact standards for North America[citation needed]. A new sedan is also introduced in the United States, replacing the 5-door hatchback. Its twins, Pontiac Firefly and Suzuki Swift were redesigned this year, as well.
- 1996 - OBD-II (On-Board Diagnostics, Second generation) was added to Metro models, at a cost of some fuel efficiency.
- 1997 - The last year for the Geo brand. The Metro returned in 1998 as with a Chevrolet nameplate.
- 1998 - The Metro now carried the Chevrolet nameplate, along with new front and rear fascias and a SOHC 16v design I-4 1.3L engine. Electronic ignition replaced the distributor, and MPFI(Multiport Fuel Injection) replaced the TBI(Throttle Body Injection). The new motor offered more HP, torque, and higher fuel economy. This I-4 engine replaced the older 8v 4 cylinder, but the 3 cylinder engine remained unchanged.
- 2000 - Metro and Firefly sales to the general public ceased, with fleet sales only returning in 2001.
- 2001 - The Metro's final year. The only model available this year is the 4-door LSi sedan. The Metro continued on sale in Canada. General Motors announces that the Metro would not be included in the 2002 Chevrolet model lineup. CAMI Automotive manufactures the last Metro, a red sedan, in April. Suzuki continued to market the Swift in Japan, Canada and Eurasia.
Beginning in late 2003 as a model year 2004 model, the Daewoo Kalos, marketed variously as the Chevrolet Aveo, Pontiac Wave and Suzuki Swift+, effectively replaced the Metro.
The Metro enjoyed increased interest as a used car in 2008, by virtue of its fuel mileage and rising fuel costs.[2][3] [4]
[edit] Pontiac Firefly
The Pontiac Firefly was marketed in Canada and the Middle East from 1985 to 1991, and again from 1994 to 2001.
The Firefly received redesigns in 1989 and 1995, following the product cycle of the Geo/Chevrolet Metro. A single engine was available from 1989 through 1994, the 1.0 L 3-cylinder. A turbocharged variant was also available from 1987 to 1991. In 1990 and 1991, the convertible was also marketed. The Firefly was not marketed for the 1992 and 1993 model years when the 1993-only Asuna brand introduced the larger 1992 LeMans to replace the Passport Optima and the pre-facelift Firefly.
In 1994, the Firefly returned with a facelift following the demise of the Asuna brand. With the 1995 redesign the 1.3 L 4-cylinder engine also became available. The Firefly was phased out of production during the 2000 model year with its Chevrolet and Suzuki siblings..
From 1991 to 1992, the Firefly was sold in a convertible and in a 4-door sedan. All hatchbacks were manufactured at CAMI, while convertibles and sedans were from sourced from Japanese production.
With model year 2004, the Pontiac Wave, a rebadged Daewoo Kalos, replaced the Firefly.
[edit] Cultus Crescent
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- See also: Suzuki Esteem
The Suzuki Cultus and Cultus Crescent were two distinct models sold in Japan by Suzuki Motor Corporation.
The larger Cultus Crescent was marketed internationally as Suzuki Baleno/Esteem. It was also the third model launched by Maruti Udyog in India and was sold as Maruti Esteem.
The Suzuki Cultus Crescent competed in the same market segment as the Nissan Pulsar or Toyota Corolla and was exported under the Esteem and Baleno.
The Cultus Crescent, while larger than the Cultus, was introduced in the Japanese market in 1995 sharing the same platform as well as many of its components with its smaller sibling. In order to compete in a segment of larger cars, its chassis was stretched 10 cm (4 in). In Japan, Suzuki marketed it as a member of the Cultus family, but in other markets it was considered a separate model.
The Cultus Crescent was available initially in two body variants, a 3-door hatchback and a 4-door saloon. Suzuki continued to use the SOHC 16-valve G-family engines, in 1.3 L and 1.5 L form, with power ranging from 85 PS (63 kW) to 97 PS (71 kW). The larger engine was the only one available in the sedan. In 1996, with the introduction of the Cultus Crescent Wagon, Suzuki's first station wagon, the 1.5 L remained base model, and 4WD was offered with the 1.6 L variant, basically the same engine as found in the Suzuki Escudo, with power raised to 115 PS (85 kW). A sports variant, dubbed GT, used Mazda's 1840 cc BP engine, with 135 PS (99 kW).
In 1998, the base Cultus/Swift was no longer marketed in Japan, and Suzuki dropped the "Crescent" name. The larger model was now simply called Cultus, and received a new frontend, with a rounder grille and new headlights. The 1.6 L 4WD variant was extended to the rest of the lineup, but not the 1.8 L engine, which was only available in the other bodies other than the wagon in export markets. The Cultus remained in production in Japan until 2002, after a year of overlapping with its replacement, the larger and entirely new Aerio. Production of the Cultus was shifted to other countries and the car is still available in developing nations/markets such as India (where it is known as Maruti Baleno) and Southeast Asia. Maruti's Baleno production ceased in 2007 to make way for the SX4.
[edit] References
- ^ a b GM reduces Suzuki alliance by 17.4 percent to raise $2bn. Earthtimes.com, 07 Mar 2006, Renin Paul.
- ^ Gas prices drive Geos from clunkers to chic. Cnn.com, Mallory Simon, May 20, 2008.
- ^ Geo Metro Madness Hits High. USNEWS, May. 22, 2008.
- ^ The Geo Metro Rides Again, Sort Of. Business Week, Jim Henry, June 2, 2008.
- (Japanese) Suzuki History of Cultus
[edit] External links
- DMOZ list
- TeamSwift Online Swift/Metro forum
- 3Cylinders: Geo/Chevy Metro - Chevy Sprint - Suzuki Swift Community
- Getting To Know: Geo Metro
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