Surf culture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Surf culture includes the people, language, fashion and life surrounding the sport of modern surfing.
The culture began early in the 20th century, spread quickly during the 1950s and 1960s, and continues to evolve. Touching fashion, music, literature, films, jargon, and more, its basis is the love of surfing, the hunt for great waves, the desire for the ultimate ride, and life in and around the ocean. Localism or territorialism is often a large part of surf culture in which individuals or groups of surfers designate certain key surfing spots as their own. Surfers, who come from many walks of life, are generally bound by an intense love of the sport.
The fickle nature of weather and the ocean, plus the great desire for the best possible types of waves for surfing, make surfers slaves to rapidly changing conditions. Surfer Magazine, founded in the 1960s when surfing had gained popularity with teenagers, used to say that if they were hard at work and someone yelled "Surf's up!" the office would suddenly be empty. Also, since surfing has a restricted geographical necessity (i.e. the coast), the culture of beach life often influenced surfers and vice versa. Aspects of 1960s surf culture in Southern California, where it was first popularized, include the woodie, bikinis and other beach wear, such as boardshorts or baggies, and surf music. Surfers developed the skateboard to be able to "surf" on land; and the number of boardsports and spin-offs has grown ever since.
[edit] Background
Surfers have often been associated with being slackers or beach bums (with women being known as beach bunnies). Though this is hardly a proper generalization today, since surfers come from all walks of life, the basis of the stereotype comes from that same over-whelming enthusiasm, sometimes bordering on addiction, that surfers can have for their sport. Along with the rarity of truly perfect surf conditions (plus the bliss that is associated with them) and the inevitable hunt for great waves, surfers often become dedicated to their sport in a way that precludes a more traditional life in a capitalistic society. Surfing instead, becomes their lifestyle.
This has left a long history of surfers veering off the beaten path, and foregoing the traditional goals of first world culture in the hunt for a continual stoke, in harmony with life, their surfing, and the ocean. This is part of the definition of a "Soul Surfer" whose goals are certainly not that of every person who indulges in the sport, but a vibrant and long-standing sub-group.
Competitive surf culture (centered around surf contests and endorsement deals) is often seen in opposition to this, since it embraces more traditional capitalistic ideals. Since its inception there has always been debate about whether or not surfing for money and prizes is truly compatible with the surfing lifestyle. Though this debate has lessened in recent decades, since many of today's pro-surfers, seem to be able to straddle both worlds: the competitive surfer and "free surfer".
The historic surf village of Ocean Beach, San Diego, California, is a good example of a place devoted to the surfing lifestyle having been introduced originally by OB Lifeguard George Freeth, probably by what is now the north jetty, by the soon-to-be-washed-away Wonderland Amusement Park.
The Northern California Surf Village of Pleasure Point, Santa Cruz, California, still retains many of the cottages that the surf pioneers, such as Van Dyke, once knew.
Swell is generated when wind blows consistently over a large area of open water, called the wind's fetch. Surfers refer to a good series of waves when saying such things as "There was an awesome swell the other day." or "Dude, the swell at crooks cove was the best!" although The size of a swell is determined by the strength of the wind, the length of its fetch and its duration. So, surf tends to be larger and more prevalent on coastlines exposed to large expanses of ocean traversed by intense low pressure systems.
Local wind conditions affect wave quality, since the ridable surface of a wave can become choppy in blustery conditions. Ideal surf conditions include a light to moderate strength "offshore" wind, since this blows into the front of the wave.
The factor which most determines wave shape is the topography of the seabed directly behind and immediately beneath the breaking wave. The contours of the reef or sand bank influence wave shape in two respects. Firstly, the steepness of the incline is proportional to the resulting upthrust. When a swell passes over a sudden steep slope, the force of the upthrust causes the top of the wave to be thrown forward, forming a curtain of water which plunges to the wave trough below. Secondly, the alignment of the contours relative to the swell direction determines the duration of the breaking process. When a swell runs along a slope, it continues to peel for as long as that configuration lasts. When swell wraps into a bay or around an island, the breaking wave gradually diminishes in size, as the wave front becomes stretched by diffraction. For specific surf spots, the state of the ocean tide can play a significant role in the quality of waves or hazards of surfing there. Tidal variations vary greatly among the various global surfing regions, and the effect the tide has on specific spots can vary greatly among the spots within each area. Locations such as Bali, Panama, and Ireland experience 2-3 meter tide fluctuations, whereas in Hawaii the difference between high and low tide is typically less than one meter.
In order to know a surf break one must be sensitive to each of these factors. Each break is different, since the underwater topography of one place is unlike any other. At beach breaks, even the sandbanks change shape from week to week, so it takes commitment to get good waves (a skill dubbed "broceanography" by a few California surfers). That's why surfers have traditionally regarded surfing to be more of a lifestyle than a sport. Of course, you can sometimes be lucky and just turn up when the surf is pumping. But, it is more likely that you will be greeted with the dreaded: "You should have been here yesterday." Nowadays, however, surf forecasting is aided by advances in information technology, whereby mathematical modelling graphically depicts the size and direction of swells moving around the globe.
The regularity of swell varies across the globe and throughout the year. During winter, heavy swells are generated in the mid-latitudes, when the north and south polar fronts shift toward the Equator. The predominantly westerly winds generate swells that advance eastward. So, waves tend to be largest on west coasts during the winter months. However, an endless train of mid-latitude cyclones causes the isobars to become undulated, redirecting swells at regular intervals toward the tropics.
East coasts also receive heavy winter swells when low pressure cells form in the sub-tropics, where their movement is inhibited by slow moving highs. These lows produce a shorter fetch than polar fronts, however they can still generate heavy swells, since their slower movement increases the duration of a particular wind direction. After all, the variables of fetch and duration both influence how long the wind acts over a wave as it travels, since a wave reaching the end of a fetch is effectively the same as the wind dying off.
During summer, heavy swells are generated when cyclones form in the tropics. Tropical cyclones form over warm seas, so their occurrence is influenced by El Niño & La Niña cycles. Their movements are unpredictable. They can even move westward, which is unique for a large scale weather system. In 1979, Tropical Cyclone Kerry wandered for 3 weeks across the Coral Sea and into Queensland, before dissipating.
The quest for perfect surf has given rise to a field of tourism based on the surfing adventure. Yacht charters and surf camps offer surfers access to the high quality surf found in remote, tropical locations, where tradewinds ensure offshore conditions. Since winter swells are generated by mid-latitude cyclones, their regularity coincides with the passage of these lows. So, the swells arrive in pulses, each lasting for a couple of days, with a couple of days between each swell. Since bigger waves break in a different configuration, a rising swell is yet another variable to consider when assessing how to approach a break.
[edit] Localism
Even though waves break everywhere along a coast, truly great surf spots are rare. A surf break that forms great surfable waves may easily become a coveted commodity, especially if the wave only breaks there rarely. If this break is near a large population center with many surfers, territorialism often arises. Regular surfers who live around a desirable surf break may often guard it jealously, hence the expression "locals only." The "locals only" expression is common among many beach towns. For instance, many locals from the Jersey shore use the expression "shoobie" to refer to non-locals. These sayings are consistent with the territorialism that drives the beach culture and those that live on the coastal territories year round. Localism is expressed when surfers are involved in verbal or physical threats or abuse to deter people from surfing at certain surf spots. This is backed by the belief that fewer people equals more waves per surfer. Other surfers, however, sometimes known as "Soul Surfers", hold less aggressive views towards others. These surfers see surfing as more than a sport; it is an opportunity to harness the waves and to relax and forget about their daily routines.
However, local surfers have been known to be violent when it comes to protecting their surf break from tourists or outside surfers. Some locals have been known to form loose gangs that surf in a certain break or beach and fiercely protect their "territory" from outsiders. These surfers are often referred to as "surf punks" or "surf nazis." The local surfer gangs in Malibu and on Hawaii, known as Da hui, have been known to threaten tourists with physical violence for invading their territory. The expression "Surf Nazi" arose in the 1960s to describe territorial and authoritarian surfers, often involved in surf gangs or surf clubs. The term "Nazi" was originally used simply to denote the strict territorialism, violence and hostility to outsiders, and absolute obsession with surfing that was characteristic in the so-called "surf nazis." However, some surfers reclaimed and accepted the term, and a few actually embraced Nazism and Nazi symbolism. Some surf clubs in the 60's, particularly at Wind'n'Sea in La Jolla, used the swastika symbol on their boards and identified with Nazism as a counter culture (though this may have just been an effort to keep out or scare non-locals.)
[edit] Big Wave culture
A non-competitive adventure activity involving riding the biggest waves possible (known as "rhino hunting") is also popular with some surfers. A practice popularized in the 1990s has seen big wave surfing revolutionized, as surfers use personal watercraft to tow them out to a position where they can catch previously unrideable waves (see tow-in surfing). These waves were previously unrideable due to the speed at which they travel. Some waves reach speeds of over 60 km/h; personal watercraft enable surfers to reach the speed of the wave thereby making them rideable. Personal watercraft not only allow surfers to ride these waves but allow them to survive wipeouts. In many instances surfers would not survive the battering of the "sets" (groups of waves together). This spectacular activity is extremely popular with television crews, but because such waves rarely occur in heavily populated regions, and usually only a very long way out to sea on outer reefs, few spectators see such events directly.
[edit] Surf terminology
Surfing (particularly in Southern California) has its own slang, which has coincided with Valspeak. Words like "tubular" and "gnarly" are associated with both.
[edit] Issues affecting surfers
Global warming, environmental damage, and increasing riparian development may continue to increase pressure on the sport. Oil spills and toxic algae growth can threaten surfing regions. And, many wealthy homeowners have tried to prevent free access to beaches in violation of English and American common law traditions, in which "the strand" is not private property.
Some of these stresses may be overcome by building of artificial reefs for surfing. Several have been built in recent years (one is at Cables in Western Australia), and there is widespread enthusiasm in the global surfing community for additional projects. However, environmental opposition and rigorous coastal permitting regulations is dampening prospects for building such reefs in some countries, such as the United States. A major big wave cultural group in northern Australia is called "clarkey", and are known for their aggression and passion.
[edit] Spirituality
Australian surfer Nat Young tried to register surfing as a religion, but to no avail. Many surfers combine their love of the sport with their own religious or spiritual beliefs. In Huntington Beach, California for example, a local Christian, non-denominational church occasionally meets on the beach for Sunday early-morning services. After the closing prayer, the minister and his congregation paddle out for a morning session. In addition, many surfing communities organize and take part in memorial services for fallen surfers, sometimes on the anniversary of passing such as the Eddie Aikau memorial service held annually at Waimea Bay, Hawaii. Participants in the memorial service paddle out to a suitable location with flower leis around their necks or with loose flowers (sometimes held between their teeth)., The participants then get into a circular formation, hold hands, and silently pray. Sometimes they will raise their clasped hands skyward before tossing their flowers or leis into the center of the ring. Afterward, they paddle back toward the beach to begin their surf session. Often these services take place at sunrise or sunset. In locations with a pier, such as Huntington Beach, Orange County, California, the service can take place near the end of the pier so that any non-surfers, such as elderly relatives, can watch and participate. Often the participants on the pier will throw down bouquets of flowers into the center of the ring.
[edit] Surfing music
Surf culture is reflected in surf music, with sub-genres such as surf rock and surf pop. This includes works from such artists as Jan and Dean, The Beach Boys, The Surfaris ("Wipe Out!"), Dick Dale, The Shadows, and The Ventures. The music inspired dance crazes such as The Stomp, The Frug, and The Watusi. While the category surf music helped popularize surfing, most surfers at the time, such as Miki Dora, preferred R&B and blues. A newer wave of surf music has started in the acoustic riffs of artists such as Jack Johnson and Donavon Frankenreiter, who are both former professional surfers. The rise of surfers creating their own music and new style of surf rock has started.
[edit] Surf rock
- Wedding Cake Island, Midnight Oil, 1975.
- Reef
- Paddle Out by Sublime
[edit] Surf pop
- Middle man (song by Jack Johnson)
- Surfer Girl (single), The Beach Boys, 1963.
- Surf City, Jan and Dean, 1963.
- Surfer Joe, The Surfaris, 1963.
- He's my blonde headed stompie-wompie real gone surfer boy, Little Pattie, 1963.
- Fun Fun Fun, The Beach Boys, 1964.
- Surf Song, Fenix*TX, 1999.
[edit] Instrumental
- Dick Dale, 1960s to present.
- Walk Don't Run, The Ventures, 1960.
- Apache, The Shadows, 1960.
- Bombora (single), The Atlantics, 1963.
- Wipe Out, The Surfaris, 1962.
- The Blue Stingrays, 1997.
[edit] Fashion
Surfwear is a popular style of casual clothing, inspired by surf culture. Many surf related brand-names originated as cottage industry, supplying local surfers with boardshorts, Ugg boots, wetsuits, surfboards or leashes. Today, its popularity extends so far beyond the surfing community, that some of its most high profile brands are listed on the Stock Exchange. These companies gain exposure through sponsoring professional surfers and the contests in which they compete.
- Billabong was founded in Australia in 1973. As well as the Billabong brand-name, the company sells surfwear under the Palmers Surf, Honolua Surf and Von Zipper brands, as well as Element skate clothing and hardware.
- Rip Curl is a major Australian manufacturer and retailer of surfwear and surfgear. The company started from the humble beginnings of two surfers in Torquay producing wetsuits from their garden shed. Rip Curl remains a private company. Rip Curl is the sponsor of one of the largest surf competitions called the Rip Curl Pro, where the top 40 surfers on the world circuit compete for the title.
- Quiksilver is the world's largest manufacturer of surfwear. It was founded in Australia in 1969, when Torquay surfers Alan Green and John Law came up with the idea of selling wetsuits for a living. They redesigned the wetsuit, creating one that was specifically designed for surfing, and over time, introduced a range of surfwear products, at a time when there was little competition.
- Roxy is Quiksilver's brand of clothing, accessories, and surf equipment named after the daughter of one of the founders. The logo is Quiksilver's, reflected, forming a heart. It is oriented toward young girls and women.
- Da Kine is a US based company specializing in sportswear and sports equipment. In 1979 Rob Kaplan started manufacturing the Da Kine surfboard leash which quickly gained industry recognition and praise for innovative design and build quality. Between 1981 and 1984 Da Kine developed the world's first adjustable windsurfing footstrap and windsurfing harness. Currently, Da Kine is present on the Surfing, Skateboarding, Snowboarding, Ski, Windsurfing, Kitesurfing and Mountain Biking markets.
- Town & Country (aka. T&C) is a US based surfboard manufacturer that expanded into a full line of surfwear and surfing accessories and now has retail shops throughout the world in countries such as Japan, Australia, and Peru.
- Northcore Europe is a UK based lifestyle sports equipment manufacturer producing top of the range surfboards, surfing accessories and hardware. Northcore have a growing presence in the UK and throughout Europe.
- Dean Miller Surf & Tropical Bedding|Dean Miller Surf & Tropical Bedding| (aka Dean Miller) is a US based bedding manufacturer that is the first and only company to specialize in surf and beach themed home furnishings, grossing over $50 million in retail sales since 1999.
[edit] Other surfwear labels
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[edit] Events
[edit] Festivals
Some events include the Surf Film Festibal[1], Saint Jean de Luz Surf Film Festival[2], and Wavescapes Surf Film Festival[3], or the Nude Night Surfing Sydney Fringe Festival, Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia.
There are some trade shows of note, including ASR[4], Surf Expo[5], and Italia Surf Expo[6].
[edit] Surfing contests
Competitive surfing is a comparison sport. Riders, competing in pairs or small groups, are allocated a certain amount of time to ride waves and display their prowess and mastery of the craft. Competitors are then judged according to how competently the wave is ridden, including the level of difficulty, as well as frequency of maneuvers. There is a professional surfing world surfing championship series held annually at surf breaks around the world.
Although competitive surfing has become an extremely popular and lucrative activity, both for its participants and its sponsors, the sport does not have its origins as a competitive pursuit. It is common to hear debate rage between purists of the sport, who still maintain the ideal of "soul surfing", and surfers who engage in the competitive and, consequently, commercial side of the activity.[1] An organisation called the Spirit of Surfing has chosen not to accept surf label sponsorship, since an association of that sort could detract from the sentiment they wish to promote.
[edit] Surfing organizations
- Association of Surfing Professionals
- Bronzed Aussies
- BSUPA - British Stand Up Paddle Association
- Ocean Beach Geriatric Surf Club & Gidget Patrol and Marching Surfboard Drill Team
- Pleasure Point Night Fighters
- SurfAid
- Surfing Australia
- Swiss Surfing Association (SSA)
- Coalition of Surfing Clubs (CSC)
[edit] Spin-offs & influences
[edit] Boardsports
Surfers developed the skateboard to be able to "surf" on land. Later came windsurfing (also known as sailboarding), bodyboarding, wakeboarding, skimboarding, snowboarding, riverboarding, kiteboarding, sandboarding, mountainboarding, carveboarding all now competitive sports. Another fast growing boardsport is skurfing a mix of surfing and more conventional water sports in which the participant is towed behind the boat. Pineboarding and sandboarding are recreational boardsports.
[edit] Conceptual metaphor
The word "surf" is polysemous; having multiple, related meanings. "Surfing" the World Wide Web is the act of following hyperlinks. The phrase "surfing the Internet" was first popularized in print by Jean Armour Polly, a librarian, in an article called "Surfing the INTERNET", published in the Wilson Library Bulletin in June, 1992.
[edit] Branding
- Surf laundry detergent
- Toyota Hilux Surf (called Toyota 4Runner in North America).
[edit] Surfing in multimedia
[edit] Films about surfing
The surf culture is reflected in film. Bruce Brown's classic movie The Endless Summer glorified surfing in a round-the-world search for the perfect wave. John Milius's homage to the Malibu of his youth in Big Wednesday remains a poignant metaphor for the similarities between the changing surf and life. Beach movies such as the Gidget series and Beach Party films like Beach Blanket Bingo are less reverential depictions of the culture.
- Big Wednesday
- Billabong Odyssey
- Blue Crush, starring Kate Bosworth
- Blue Hawaii
- Blue Juice, Sean Pertwee, Ewan McGregor, Catherine Zeta-Jones
- A Brokedown Melody, Jack Johnson
- The Endless Summer, Bruce Brown
- The Endless Summer II, Bruce Brown
- Five Summer Stories, Greg MacGillivray and Jim Freeman
- Gidget
- Hawaiian Holiday, Bud Browne
- Johnny Tsunami, Disney feature film with surfing/snowboarding
- Liquid Time (2002) is an avant-garde surf film that focuses solely on the fluid forms of tubing waves.
- Lords of Dogtown
- Morning of the Earth
- North Shore
- Orange County
- Point Break
- Puberty Blues 1981 Australian surfie film.
- Riding Giants
- September Sessions
- Step Into Liquid, directed by Dana Brown
- Surf Crazy, Bruce Brown
- Surf's Up is a computer-animated mockumentary, which investigates the premise that surfing was actually invented by penguins, taking viewers behind the scenes of the "Penguin World Surfing Championship".
- Thicker Than Water, Jack Johnson
[edit] Fictional surfers in film
- Sean Penn as stoned surfer Jeff Spicoli in Fast Times at Ridgemont High. Jeff Spicoli is the stereotypical teenage surfer of the eighties, complete with surf talk and imaginary tubes, ridden beneath overhanging ivy. The ambitious, conscientious, hard-working Brad Hamilton provides a foil for Jeff Spicoli, who believes in “operating from the heart” and that “what you need will come to you.” By contrasting Jeff Spicoli's carefree approach to life with Brad Hamilton's disciplined work ethic, the film exposes the dialectic in western culture.[2]
[edit] Television shows
- Baywatch
- Blue Water High
- California Dreams
- Hawaii Five-O lead-in.
- John from Cincinnati
- The O.C.
- Surf Girls (2003)
- Surfing the Menu ABC TV, Australia.
- Eureka Seven (not on water, however)
- Summerland
- H2O just add water
- Pacific Blue
[edit] TV commercials
- Coca-Cola commercial featuring Kalani Robb and Maila Jones.
[edit] TV documentary series
- This Is Your Life presents Duke Kahanamoku (1957)
- NRG (1997)
- On Surfari Fuel TV
- Iconoclasts Season 2 Episode 1: Eddie Vedder and Laird Hamilton; Sundance Channel
[edit] TV episodes featuring surfing
- The Flintstones - "Surfin' Fred" (1965). Fred, Wilma, Barney, and Betty are holidaying on Rock Island, where a surfing contest is to be held. Fred hopes to relive his carefree teenage years, dancing to "hip" music with swarms of holidaying teenagers and revelling in their adulation of his sporting prowess. However, in the surf, Fred is repeatedly blasted by monsterous waves, as he tries desperately to impress the young crowd. Rock star and teenage heartthrob, Jimmy Darrock, who has been recruited to present the winner's trophy, avoids recognition by wearing sunglasses and assuming the role of a lifeguard. But, he had not counted on Fred's ineptitude on a board. Darrock has to retrieve Fred from the surf and perform resuscitation on him. When Wilma paddles over, a huge wave throws Fred onto her shoulders. Wilma manages to navigate through the pillars of a boardwalk, bringing her surfboard to rest inside the revolving door of the hotel. Fred and Wilma win the trophy for most adept use of a surfboard, and Darrock performs in the hotel restaurant, singing about the surfing craze.
- Gilligan's Island - "Big Man on Little Stick" (1965). A surfer by the name of Duke Williams washes up on the shore and collapses, having spent five days at sea on his surfboard. The girls fall for Duke, played by Denny Miller, so Gilligan tries to learn how to surf by tying his feet to Duke's surfboard. Despite their interest in the newcomer, Ginger and Mary Ann panic when he makes a pass at each of them. To resolve the conflict, the castaways pretend the girls are not available. Ginger is with the Professor and Mary Ann is with Gilligan. So, Duke decides to leave the island and manages to depart by catching a huge wave. The men sit around the radio, anxiously listening to news of Duke's arrival in Hawaii. To their dismay, Duke doesn't remember where he's been for the last two weeks, having hit a rock and suffered amnesia.
- The Brady Bunch - "Hawaii Bound" (1972)
- Even Stevens - "Surf's Up" (2003)
- The Surreal Life - "Surf School" (2004)
- Charlie's Angels - Angels in Paradise (1977)
[edit] Fictional surfers in TV
- Denny Miller as the handsome surfer Duke Williams, guest starring on Gilligan's Island. Duke Williams is the stereotypical surfer of the early sixties: simple-minded, yet handsome and athletic.
| “ | Duke: Man, five days on that board and I'm nothing but skin and bones.
Ginger: What skin. Mary Ann: And what bones. |
” |
- Luke Perry as Dylan McKay was often seen surfing during the first few seasons of Beverly Hills, 90210.
[edit] Internet
[edit] Surfing portals
- Surf Life
- Maine Surf Culture
- International surfing news
- Surfing Videos
- Eppic Surf
- SurferToday - Waveriding news provider
- Surfwave.TV Worldwide Surf Camps,Surfing videos and Surf Community -
[edit] Surfing Blogs
Blogs have become an increasingly popular expression of Surf culture in recent years. Surf Blogs cover every aspect of the surf experience from advice for new surfers to the technical details of board construction and finishing. The blogs below are representative of the hundreds of surf blogs created since 2002.
[edit] Live surf cams
[edit] Surf forecasting
- Thousands of sites offer surf forecasting and reporting, from single beaches to the entire world. Some of the larger, more popular and reliable ones are:
- Coastal Watch - Australia
- SURFcasts.com
- Magic Seaweed
- Storm Surf - California
- Surfline
- Wetsand
- Swellinfo
[edit] CD-ROM
[edit] Video games about surfing
- Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer
- TransWorld Surf"
- TransWorld Surf: Next Wave
- California Games
- Sunny Garcia Surfing
[edit] 3D models
- Tubing wave, using SketchUp, can be downloaded into Google Earth.
- Surfboard, using SketchUp
- Surfboard, available in various formats.
[edit] Print media
[edit] Surfing magazines
- TransWorld SURF
- Tracks
- Surfing World
- Australia's Surfing Life
- Pitpilot magazine
- Wave Action Surf Magazine
- Surfer Magazine
- Surf Girl magazine
- Surfer's Journal
- Carve Surf Magazine
- Surf Girl Magazine
- ThreeSixty BodyBoard Magazine
- Surfing Magazine
[edit] Surfing in non-fiction
[edit] Popular
- Surfing: A History of the Ancient Hawaiian Sport, Finney, B.
- Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand, and Surf, Booth, D.
- Eddie Would Go: The Story of Eddie Aikau, Hawaiian Hero and Pioneer of Big Wave Surfing, Holmes Coleman, S.
- The Illustrated Discography of Surf Music (1961-1965) Blair, J. Riverside, California, 1983.
- A Pictorial History of Surfing. Finney, B. and Margan, F. Paul Hamlyn, Sydney, 1970.
- Cowabunga: The Complete Book of Surfing. Wardlaw, L. Avon Books, New York, 1991.
- The History of Surfing. Young, N. Palm Beach Press, 1983.
- Stoked! A History of Surf Culture. Kampion, D. Gibbs Smith, Publisher, 2003.
- Surf Culture: The Art History of Surfing. Colburn, B., Finney B., Stallings T., Stecyk, C., Stillman D., Wolfe T. Laguna Art Museum in association with Ginko Press, 2002.
[edit] Academic topics
[edit] Natural science
- The Science of Surfing Waves and Surfing Breaks, Scarfe, et al. (2003), Scripps Institution of Oceanography Technical Report.
- Mathematics and bodysurfing, Neville de Mestre, Faculty of Information Technology, Bond University.
- A numerical study of breaking waves in the surf zone, Pengzhi, L. et al., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University.
- Waves and Beaches, Bascombe, WR. Doubleday.
- The Wetsand Wavecast Guide to Surf Forecasting: A Simple Approach to Planning the Perfect Sessions Cool, NT.
- Ocean Surface Waves: Their Physics and Prediction Massel, SR.
- "Waves of Semiosis: Surfing's Iconic Progression", Flynn, PJ (1987), The American Journal of Semiotics
- "The Aesthetics of Risk: A Study of Surfing", M Stranger (1999), International Review for the Sociology of Sport, irs.sagepub.com
- To the Extreme: Alternative Sports, Inside and Out, Rinehart, RE. Sydnor, S. (2003), State University of New York Press
- "Good to the last drop! Understanding surfer motivations", Butts, SE. (2001), Sociology of Sport, physed.otago.ac.nz
- Sick, "Filthy, and Delirious: surf film and video and the documentary mode", Beattie, K. (2001), Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3.
- "Putting up your Dukes: Statues Social Memory and Duke Paoa Kahanamoku", Osmond, G. Phillips, MG. O’Neill, M. (2006), The International Journal of the History of Sport, Taylor & Francis
- Hangin' ten: The common-pool resource problem of surfing, Rider, R. College of Arts and Sciences, Economics Program, California State University, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, U.S.A.
- "Surfing the Other: Ideology on the Beach", Rutsky, RL, (1999), Film Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 4.
- "We shall Fight on the Seas and the Oceans…We shall: Commodification, Localism and Violence", Scott, P.(2003), MC: a journal of media and culture, Vol.6, No.1.
- ‘Just the lemon next to the pie’: Apocalypse, History and the Limits of Myth in Big Wednesday, Ormrod, J. (1978), Manchester Metropolitan University.
- "Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo-Pacific islands: I. The industry and the islands". Buckley, RC. (2002), Journal of Sustainable Tourism
- "Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo-Pacific islands: II. Recreational Capacity Management and Case Study". Buckley, RC. (2002), Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 10, No. 5, 2002.
- A Sociological Study of the Surfing Subculture in the Santa Cruz Area Masters Thesis by Stephen Wayne Hull (1976), Department of Sociology, San Jose State University.
- Waves of Transformation Crawford, C. Masters thesis.
- "Surfing, the Ultimate Pleasure". Lueras, Leonard. Honolulu: Emphasis International, 1984.
- "The Search Issues of Play, Identification, Agency, and Deviance in the Absence of Mainstream Sports: Towards a Discovery of the Social Meaning of the Sport of Surfing". Ehrlich, JN. Honors Thesis for the Undergraduate Research Program in the Department of Sociology at the University of California, Irvine.
- "Civilising Surfers: Exploring Subculture Through Historical Consumer Research" Robin Canniford (2006) PhD Thesis.
- "“Marketing the Savage” Canniford, R. & Shankar, A. - Book Chapter in Cova, B., Shankar, A. and Kozinets, R. (2007) Consumer Tribes: Theory, Practice and Prospects, Oxford: Elsevier
- "Surf Soundtracks" Canniford, R. & Ormrod, J. - European Association for Consumer Research Conference, University of Bocconi Milan 2007.
- How to Surf", Evers, C. (2006), Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 30, No. 3.
- Locals Only! Evers, C. (2006), Conference Proceedings, Everyday Multiculturalism, Macquarie University.
- "Men who Surf", Evers, C. (2004), Cultural Studies Review, 10, No. 1.
- "Becoming-Man Becoming-Wave", Evers, C. (2005), Doctoral Thesis, University of Sydney, Australia
[edit] Surfing in fiction
[edit] Comics
- Captain Goodvibes
- Wilbur Kookmeyer
- Silver Surfer, who rides a surfboard-like vehicle
[edit] Prose
"Tapping the Source: Waves and Mystery, Guns and Grit" "Dogs of winter" and "Tijuana Straights" By Kem Nunn
- Surfing in Hawaii: A Personal Memoir, by Desmond Muirhead
- Paunalu, by Rustom Calisch
- The Impact Zone, by Ray Maloney
- Fear Nothing, Seize the Night, by Dean Koontz. Christopher Snow, the main character, is a surfer, as are his best friend Bobby Halloway and girlfriend Sasha Goodall. Bobby makes his living running a surf forceasting service called Surfcast. Christopher's experience of surfing is rather unusual: suffering from the genetic disorder xeroderma pigmentosum he cannot go out during the day, but only at night.
- In Search of Captain Zero, by Allen Weisbecker.
- West of Jesus: Surfing, Science, and the Origins of Belief, by Steven Kotler
[edit] Surfing reference materials
- Encyclopedia of Surfing
- SHREDbook - Surf/Action Sports Community, Database
- Surfin'Ary: A Dictionary of Surfing Terms and Surfspeak T Cralle (2001)
[edit] Sculpture
[edit] Surfing monuments
- Katwijk aan Zee.
- Sculpture by the Sea, Bondi Beach.
- Newport, UK.
- Michigan, "Wave Field".
- Santa Cruz Surf Statue.
- Waikiki Surf Statue.
- Swami's Surfing Memorial Sculptor/artist, George Bredehoft.
- Hermosa Beach Surf Legends Memorial Fountain.
- Surfing walk of fame, Huntington Beach, CA
- Duke Kahanamuku statue, Huntington Beach, CA
[edit] Graphic art
[edit] Early depictions
- The Great Wave Off Kanagawa (Japanese wave).
[edit] Textiles
[edit] See also
- Surfing
- History of surfing
- World surfing champion
- List of surfing topics
- List of surfing areas
- List of surfers
- Huntington Beach, California
- Pleasure Point, Santa Cruz, California
[edit] References
- ^ Billion Dollar Breakers: The Professional Surfing World Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, Sunday, 13 April, 1997
- ^ Culture Jock University of Chicago Magazine, December '05, Volume 98, Issue 2.
[edit] External links
- International Surfing Museum in Huntington Beach, California
- Santa Cruz Surfing Museum in Santa Cruz, California, with museum panoramas at the City of Santa Cruz's website.
