Supraglacial lake
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A supraglacial lake is any pond of liquid water on the top of a glacier. Although these pools are ephemeral, they may reach kilometers in diameter and be several meters deep. They may last for months or even decades at a time, but can empty in the course of hours.
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[edit] Lifetime
Lakes may be created by surface melting during summer months, or over the period of years by rainfall, such as monsoons. They may dissipate by overflowing their banks, or creating a crevasse.
[edit] Effects on ice masses
Lakes of a diameter greater than ~300 m are capable of creating a fluid-filled crevasse to the glacier/bed interface. When these crevasses form, it can take a mere 2-18 hours to empty a lake, supplying warm water to the base of the glacier - lubricating the bed and causing the glacier to surge.[1] The rate of emptying such a lake is equivalent to the rate of flow of the Niagara Falls. Such crevasses, when forming on ice shelves, may penetrate to the underlying ocean and contribute to the breakup of the ice shelf.[2]
Supraglacial lakes also have a warming effect on the glaciers; having a lower albedo than ice, the water absorbs more of the sun's energy, causing warming and (potentially) further melting.
- See ice sheet dynamics for more on the significance of supraglacial lakes on ice motion.
[edit] Context
Supraglacial lakes can occur in all glaciated areas.
The retreating glaciers of the Himalaya produce vast and long lived lakes, many kilometres in diameter and scores of metres deep.[3] These may be bounded by moraines; some are deep enough to be density stratified.[3] Most have been growing since the 1950s; the glaciers have been retreating constantly since then.[3]
A proliferation of supraglacial lakes preceded the collapse of the Antarctic Larsen B ice shelf in 2001,[citation needed] and may have been connected.[citation needed]
Such lakes are also prominent in Greenland, where they have recently been understood to be large contributors to ice movement.
[edit] Sediments
Sedimentary particles often accumulate in supraglacial lakes; they are washed in by the meltwater or rainwater that supplies the lakes. [4] The character of the sediment depends upon this water source, as well as the proximity of a sampled area to both the edge of the glacier and the edge of the lake.[4] The amount of debris atop the glacier also has a large effect.[4] Naturally, long lived lakes have a different sedimentary record to shorter lived pools.[4]
Sediments are dominated by coarser (coarse sand/gravel) fragments, and the accumulation rate can be immense: up to 1 metre per year near the shores of larger lakes.[4]
Upon melting of the glacier, deposits may be preserved as superglacial till (alias supraglacial moraine).
[edit] Effect of global warming
It is currently unclear whether global warming is increasing the abundance of supraglacial lakes; upcoming research hopes to quantify the effect - if any - which the changing climate has.[5]
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- ^ Krawczynski, M.J.; Behn, M.D.; Das, S.B.; Joughin, I. (2007). "Constraints on melt-water flux through the West Greenland ice-sheet: modeling of hydro-fracture drainage of supraglacial lakes". Eos Trans. AGU, 88(52): Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract C41B-0474. Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
- ^ Lemke, P., J. Ren, R.B. Alley, I. Allison, J. Carrasco, G. Flato, Y. Fujii, G. Kaser, P. Mote, R.H. Thomas and T. Zhang (2007). "Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground", in Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b c Chikita, K.; Jha, J.; Yamada, T. (2001). "Sedimentary effects on the expansion of a Himalayan supraglacial lake". Global and Planetary Change 28 (1-4): 23–34. doi:.
- ^ a b c d e Syverson, K.M. (1998). "Sediment record of short-lived ice-contact lakes, Burroughs Glacier, Alaska". Boreas 27 (1): 44–54.
- ^ Details of supraglacial lake research from Sarah Das, a specialist. Contains images.
