Summis desiderantes affectibus
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Summis desiderantes affectibus (English: Desiring with supreme ardor)[1][2] was a papal bull issued by Pope Innocent VIII on December 5, 1484.
The bull was written in response to the request of Dominican Inquisitor Heinrich Kramer for explicit authority to prosecute witchcraft in Germany, after he was refused assistance by the local ecclesiastical authorities.[2]
The bull recognized the existence of witches and gave full papal approval for the Inquisition to move against witches and permission to do whatever necessary to get rid of them. The bull essentially repeated Kramer's view that an outbreak of witchcraft and heresy had occurred in the Rhine River valley, specifically in the bishoprics of Mainz, Cologne, Trier, Salzburg and Bremen, including accusations of certain acts.[3]
The bull urged local authorities to cooperate with the inquisitors and threatened those who impeded their work with excommunication.[4]
Despite this threat, the bull failed to ensure that Kramer got the support he had hoped for, causing him to retire and compiling his views on witchcraft in his book Malleus Maleficarum, which was published in 1487. To bolster the book's challenged authority, Krammer among other things included Summis desiderantes affectibus as the preface of his book, feigning papal approval for his work.[5]
The bull is often viewed opening the door for the witchhunts of the early modern period. However, its similarities to previous papal documents, emphasis on preaching, and lack of dogmatic pronouncement complicate this view.[2] The Catholic Encyclopedia criticizes the importance attached to the encyclical in the context of the ensuing witch hunts as "altogether illusory."[6]
Some scholars view the bull as "clearly political", motivated by jurisdictional disputes between the local German Catholic priests and those of the Inquisition who answered more directly to the pope.[7]
[edit] Notes
- ^ The name is sometimes abbreviated Summis desiderantes (Kors and Peters, p. 180; Burr, p. 7). Burr also refers to this document as The Witch-Bull of 1484.
- ^ a b c Kors and Peters, 2000, p. 177.
- ^ Black, 2003, p. 6.
- ^ Darst, 1979, p. 299.
- ^ Russell, 229
- ^
"Witchcraft" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. - ^ Darst, 1979, p. 298.
[edit] References
- Black, George F. 2003. Calendar of Cases of Witchcraft in Scotland 1510 to 1727. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0766158381.
- Burr, George Lincoln (1907). The witch-persecutions. The Department of History of the University of Pennsylvania: Philadelphia, Pa.. (bibrec)
- Published in the series: Translations and reprints from the original sources of European history ; v. 3, no. 4.
- Darst, David H. (October 15, 1979). "Witchcraft in Spain: The Testimony of Martín de Castañega's Treatise on Superstition and Witchcraft (1529)". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 123 (5): 298-322.
- Kors, Alan Charles, and Peters, Edward. 2000. Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812217519.
- Russell, Jeffery Burton. Witchcraft in the Middles Ages. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY. 1972
[edit] External links
- The Bull of Innocent VIII as published in the Malleus Maleficarum translated by Montague Summers.
