Successor ordinal
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When defining the ordinal numbers, an absolutely fundamental operation that we can perform on them is a successor operation S to get the next higher one. Using von Neumann's ordinal numbers (the standard ordinals used in set theory), we have, for any ordinal number,
Since the ordering on the ordinal numbers α < β if and only if 
, it is immediate that there is no ordinal number between α and S(α) and it is also clear that α < S(α). An ordinal number which is S(β) for some ordinal β, or equivalently, an ordinal with a maximum element, is called a successor ordinal. Ordinals which are neither zero nor successors are called limit ordinals. We can use this operation to define ordinal addition rigorously via transfinite recursion as follows:
and for a limit ordinal λ
In particular, S(α) = α + 1. Multiplication and exponentiation are defined similarly.
The successor points and zero are the isolated points of the class of ordinal numbers, with respect to the order topology.
