Stylistic device
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- See also: Figure of speech
In literature and writing, a stylistic device is the use of any of a variety of techniques to give an auxiliary meaning, idea, or feeling to the literal or written.
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[edit] Figurative Language
[edit] Metaphor
A metaphor is a comparison used to add descriptive meaning to a phrase. Metaphors are generally not meant literally, and may have little connotative similarity to the concepts they are meant to portray.
- Example: The man's arm exploded with pain, spiderwebs of fire crawling up and down its length as the tire of a passing car crushed it. (There is no literal explosion, spiderweb, or fire, but the words are used to create images and draw similarities to the way such an event would feel)
[edit] Simile
The easiest stylistic device to find is a simile, because you only have to look for the words "as" or "like". A simile is a comparison used to attract the attention of the reader and describe something in descriptive terms.
- Example:"From up here on the fourteenth floor, my brother Charley looks like an insect scurrying among other insects." (from "Sweet Potato Pie," Eugenia Collier)
- Example:The beast had eyes as big as baseballs and teeth as long as knives.
- Example:She put her hand to the boy's forehead, which was hot as lava.
[edit] Sound Techniques
[edit] Rhyme
The repetition of identical or similar sounds, usually at the end of words.
For example, in the following lines from a poem by A.E. Housman, the last words of both lines rhyme with each other.
- Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
- Is hung with bloom along the bough
[edit] Repetition
Repetition is the deliberate use of a word or phrase more than a once in a sentence or a text to create a sense of pattern or form or to emphasize certain elements in the mind of the reader or listener.
- Example: Pile the bodies high [...] And pile them high [...] And pile them high [...] (from "Grass," by Carl Sandburg)
There are further kinds of repetition like parallelism, which is the repeating of a structure.
- Example:Pile the bodies high. Pile the foes high. Pile the allies high. Pile all of them high. [...] (hypothetical example only)
[edit] Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.
- Example: "...many a man is making friends with death/ Even as I speak, for lack of love alone." (Edna St. Vincent Millay's "Sonnet 30").
Alliteration is used by an author to create emphasis, to add beauty to the writing style, and occasionally to aid in shaping the mood.
[edit] Structure
[edit] Formal structure
Formal structure refers to the form of a text. In the first place, a text is either a novel, a drama, a poem, or some other "form" of literature. However, this term can also refer to the length of lines, stanzas, or cantos in poems, as well as sentences, paragraphs, or chapters in prose. Furthermore, such visible structures as dialogue versus narration are also considered part of formal structure.
[edit] Plot structure
Plot structure refers to the configuration of a plot in terms of its exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution/denouement. For example, Dickens' novel Great Expectations is noted for having only a single page of exposition before the rising action begins, while The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien has an unusually lengthy falling action.
[edit] Flashback
A flashback (which is one of the most easily recognized utilizations of plot structure) is a scene in a writing which occurs outside of the current timeline, before the events that are actually occurring in the story. It is used to explain plot elements, give background and context to a scene, or explain characteristics of characters or events. For instance, one chapter may be at the present time in a character's life, and then the next chapter might be the character's life years ago. The second chapter gives meaning to the first, as it explains other events the character experienced and thus puts present events in context.
[edit] Frame story
When there is a lengthy flashback comprising more than half of the text, a frame story is the portion outside the flashback. For example, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein uses the adventures of a sea captain as a frame story for the famous tale of the scientist and his creation. Occasionally, an author will have an unfinished frame, such as in Henry James's "The Turn of the Screw." The lack of a finishing frame in this story has the effect of leaving the reader disoriented, adding to the disturbed mood of the story.
[edit] Irony
[edit] Situational Irony
This is when the author creates a surprise that is the perfect opposite of what one would expect, often creating either humor or an eerie feeling. For example, in Steinbeck's novel The Pearl, one would think that Kino and Juana would have become happy and successful after discovering the "Pearl of the World," with all its value. However, their lives changed dramatically for the worse after discovering it.
Similarly, in Shakespeare's Hamlet, the title character almost kills King Claudius at one point, but resists because Claudius is praying and therefore may go to heaven. As Hamlet wants Claudius to go to hell, he waits. A few moments later, after Hamlet leaves the stage, Claudius reveals that he doesn't really mean his prayers ("words without thoughts cannot to heaven go"), so Hamlet should have killed him after all.
The way to remember the name is that it's for an ironic situation.
[edit] Dramatic Irony
Dramatic Irony is when the reader knows something important about the story that one or more characters in the story do not know. For example, in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the drama of Act V comes from the fact that we know Juliet is alive, but Romeo thinks she's dead. If we had thought, like Romeo, that she was dead, the scene would not have had anywhere near the same power.
Likewise, in Poe's "The Tell Tale Heart," the energy at the end of the story comes from the fact that we know the narrator killed the old man, while the guests are oblivious. If we were as oblivious as the guests, there would be virtually no point to the story.
The way to remember the name is that dramatic irony adds to the drama of the story.
[edit] Verbal Irony
Verbal irony is when the narrator or a character says the opposite of what they actually mean. For example, in Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, Cassius describes his target, Caesar, by saying, "And this man/ Is now become a god." A few lines later, describing an illness Caesar felt, he said, "'Tis true, this god did shake." Obviously, Cassius does not revere Caesar, but his verbal irony helps accent his true feelings against the man.
[edit] Diction (word choice)
Diction is the choice of specific words to communicate not only meaning, but emotion as well. Authors writing their texts consider not only a word's denotation, but also its connotation. For example, a person may be described as stubborn or tenacious, both of which have the same basic meaning, but are opposite in terms of their emotional background (the first is an insult, while the second is a compliment). Similarly, a bargain-seeker may be described as either thrifty (compliment) or stingy (insult). An author's diction is extremely important in discovering the narrator's tone, or attitude.
[edit] Syntax (sentence structure)
Sentences can be long or short, written in the active or passive voice, composed as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. They may also include such techniques as inversion or such structures as appositive phrases, verbal phrases (gerund, participle, and infinitive), and subordinate clauses (noun, adjective, and adverb). These tools can be highly effective in achieving an author's purpose. Example: The ghetto was ruled by neither German nor Jew; it was ruled by delusion. (from Night, by Elie Wiesel) --In this sentence, Wiesel uses two parallel independent clauses written in the passive voice. The first clause establishes suspense about who actually rules the ghetto, and then the first few words of the second clause sets up the reader with the expectation of an answer, which is metaphorically revealed only in the final word of the sentence.
[edit] Symbol
A symbol is a word, picture, or idea that stands for something other than itself. It is used as an expressive way to depict an idea. The symbol generally conveys an emotional response far beyond what the word, idea, or image itself dictates.
- Example: A heart standing for love. (One might say "It broke my heart" rather than "I was really upset")
- Example: A sunrise portraying new hope. ("All their fears melted in the face of the newly risen sun.")
[edit] Characternym
This is when the name of a character has a symbolic meaning. For example, in Dickens' Great Expectations, Miss Havisham has a sham, or lives a life full of pretense. In Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Rev. Dimmesdale metaphorically fades away (dims) as the novel progresses, while Chillingsworth has a cold (chilled) heart.
[edit] Foreshadowing
This is when the author drops clues about what is to come in a story, which builds tension and the reader's suspense throughout the book.
- Example:The boy kissed his mother and warmly embraced her, oblivious to the fact that this was the last time he would ever see her.
[edit] Imagery
This is when the author invokes sensory details. Often, this is simply to draw a reader more deeply into a story by helping the reader visualize what is being described. However, imagery may also symbolize important ideas in a story.
For example, in Saki's "The Interlopers," two men engaged in a generational feud become trapped beneath a fallen tree in a storm: "Ulrich von Gradwitz found himself stretched on the ground, one arm numb beneath him and the other held almost as helplessly in a tight tangle of forked branches, while both legs were pinned beneath the fallen mass." Readers can not only visualize the scene, but may infer from it that it is actually the feud that has trapped him. Note also the diction used within the imagery: words like "forked" and "fallen" imply a kind of hell that he is trapped in.
[edit] Motif
When a word, phrase, image, or idea is repeated throughout a work or several works of literature.
For example, in Ray Bradbury's "There Will Come Soft Rains," he describes a futuristic "smart house" in a post-nuclear-war time period. All life is dead except for one dog, which dies in the course of the story. However, Bradbury mentions mice, snakes, robins, swallows, giraffes, antelopes, and many other animals in the course of the story. This animal motif establishes a contrast between the past, when life was flourishing, and the story's present, when all life is dead.
Motifs may also be used to establish mood (as the blood motif in Shakespeare's Macbeth), for foreshadowing (as when Mary Shelley, in Frankenstein, mentions the moon almost every time the creature is about to appear), to support the theme (as when, in Sophocles' drama Oedipus Rex, the motif of prophecy strengthens the theme of the irresistability of the gods), or for other purposes.
